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A COMPARISON 


OF 


APOLLONIUS RHODIUS WITH HOMER 


IN 


PREPOSITIONAL USAGE. 


A DISSERTATION 


' PRESENTED TO THE BOARD OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES 
OF THE JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY FOR THE 
DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY 


BY 


ARTHUR SEWALL HAGGETT, 


SOMETIME UNIVERSITY SCHOLAR AND FELLOW. 





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CONTENTS. 





PAGE, 

SERRE a bie iPass ie y eschn wv Tee Ube pV a niael te «ao se cUad Mca age Pe ae 
Ne Tatoo Dias Wiss Cade ahi atad sine We uit ik a yk «oa» os Dea e et oes 11 
ate Mats Delors scold din ae boise vie Wg ¥ eis ele Bieta alge vhbin'e.« oiwsiegueee ar mlalee 16 
std halk nab ina: slater a wy Pole Faas REA She ole Soh od Aides a oben eames 16 
ERO OD Nad cha eee te EX Rae ee aes METRES Jena RE Ce 18 
EINE SNS ARSE Races a cn hath od 4 Shel pha gO Sia cw acs ek! oro N Swine aS Bsa Ma ha ans 21 
SMES GOR) Mae G's Cer Se os CERO TT Device Souicke MeN eee ec Jue e gtda dos 25 
ETE RC ai nek GL sco Gomes Ae MAILE Bem ae we WeTa Lar o alniow MS Se aay 27 
Rta Tena. Perla dic delay old xed s bea canes ete wee) 28 
ERR RG so ets a ant Se tie Ve Wis\c saw Mc ail o's oh ds Rea Gee ea ME 29 
cae teas GCL G are Mae died a Wore CES Kee ae ee ale Ta a eee ae Cae 29 
ng agls Seca? Uwe b com yc Gaia ne Ue OEE VCE aR SOI oy ru oP Ir geo LOM pe epee a 30 
EE Sree re a et Mats MY EL argh PO READY ocala a 88 Hoe wa 30 
ae PSI ES dil G Uae SIAR eal Sk deals d Trak bia tna bine aa Te Dawe beeen 30 
SORTER SEES Carst Ay SASS SF Slee nL Ra EES Gn SN Fhe Cie Aa ee ge gi 32 
a Dee aN Get aa cis hon RG Tine Re wines TRE TE UN beh ces oes 34. 
Rea fre ices ESS Sea's BRE ARES DO ET Lew ES Sek ice bo ew oa 36 
Ca Rar ice Fawn acc WU nie doa Sark Y We! O aoe Wie io kiae Gee ne wv pie waew ae Od Se IS 36 
aD a teh ids) g Ss Aline ys ee eek eS Ok ey a Re Ree COT he Pe Ree 37 
Ea aces eo es Ly esis e ev a ROME ON SAL Maw ess ees chen ees 39 
ea fa ee A icy F Ok en aa sik EES SUT EG Ne dey ab oleic day's 42 
Ee RESIS i 1s 2 SRNR RIRIES SRA UPR ag hot acne aN De eR I mera pee a 48 
MGM RC Sey een ey CSS oss bse baa e ke eR AE Ea CE PORE RUET ER EWES 50 
ES Se tr Wine RS ae Figs une ia FAE oid S 5 ULT Wp ae Par ATLA Cae ENA 52 
Meee ane W Tabs cig Meee CES RENE M pee WES Ra Reh eee oe 55 
ee eS oe ae ad ab Rae ee RELA Fe METER HE Pee Sede BOERS 55 
Correspondences in phraseology ............-.00cc cee eec cece eee eeeeeees 59 
NN eS Sree es ep rag ie ov NE be ge ws eS Ao eh ea 67 


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PREFACE. 





During my graduate work courses were pursued under Profes- 
sors Gildersleeve, Warren and Bloomfield, to each of whom I wish 
to express my profound gratitude for their kindness, helpfulness 
and inspiration. 

The manuscript of this dissertation, though complete in its main 
features and its inferences, was at first submitted in provisional 
form. Subsequently a period of study at the University of Berlin 
permitted the gathering of further material hitherto inaccessible, 
as well as the verification of all the statistics. 


A. 8. Haaeert. 
UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON, 


SEATTLE, WASHINGTON. 


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A COMPARISON OF APOLLONIUS RHODIUS WITH 
HOMER IN PREPOSITIONAL USAGE. 





INTRODUCTION. 





Apollonius Rhodius was one of the most important of the 
Alexandrian poets.' He lived in an age that was critical and 
imitative rather than inventive or original, an age that produced 
laboriously learned and polite literature. Great attention was 
devoted to minuteness and elaboration of form at the expense 
of the contents. Art for art’s sake was the aim of literary effort. 
Such rigid and narrow standards were adhered to that the works 
of the Alexandrian poets too often seem strained and artificial. 
Yet they are the achievements of a period of literary development 
not unworthy of careful study, and though they suffer from com- 
parison with the great works of the classical masters, many of 
them are poetry of genuine merit.’ 

Apollonius possessed a greater genius than most of his con- 
temporaries, and a more truly artistic instinct. Hence he saw 
the lack of reality in such poetry, and resolved to return to the 
epic simplicity and straightforwardness. He had a genuine 
admiration for Homer, and became a Homeric scholar and critic 
of no mean worth.’ In spite of the fact that the possibility of 
composing a successful epic in imitation of the Homeric style 


1Cf. Christ, Griech. Literaturgesch. in Miiller’s Handbuch, Vol. viz, p. 456; also 
Couat, Poésie Alexandrine, Paris, 1882, p. 298, who fully discusses Apollonius’ art 
and work. 

*See Couat’s elaborate work Poésie Alexandrine cited above, p. 518 ff. for a 
good characterization of Alexandrianism; also Gercke’s Alexandrinische Studien, 
Rheinisches Mus, 42 (1887), p. 262 ff., 590 ff., and especially 44 (1889) p. 127 ff., 
240 ff. for Apollonius. 

3 Of. Bergk, Griech. Literaturgesch. Vol. 1, p. 895. 


8 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


had been denied and even ridiculed by some of the most eminent — 
poets of his day,’ he set to work to write such an epic. By the 
very nature, therefore, of his undertaking he challenges comparison 
with Homer. He is a deliberate and conscious imitator of him, 
and it is in large measure as such that he attracts the attention 
of modern scholars. | 

Several attempts, more or less detailed, at comparison of the 
Argonautica of Apollonius with the Homeric poems have already 
been made. The vocabulary has been discussed to some extent 
by Haacke in his Commentationes de elocutione Apollon Rhodi, 
Halle, 1842; by Merkel in the prolegomena to his (Teubner) 
edition of 1852; by Schmidt in his dissertation De Apollonia 
Rhodii elocutione, Miinster, 1853; and by Mr. Seaton in the 
Journal of Philology, Vol. xtx (1890), p.1 ff. Besides, Buttmann 
in his Lewilogus, oder Beitrige zur griechischen Worterklarung, 
hauptsachlich fiir Homer und Hesiod, 4th ed., Berlin, 1865, refers 
repeatedly to what seems to him faulty or ignorant imitation of — 
Homer by Apollonius (see to the contrary, Mr. Seaton’s article 
just mentioned). Rzach in his Grammatische Studien zu Apollonius 
Rhodius, Wien, 1878, has made a comparison between Apollonius 
and Homer on the formal side. Further, the syntax of the cases 
has been treated by Linsenbarth, De Apollonii Rhodii casuuwm 
syntaxi comparato usu Homerico, Leipzig, 1887. Finally, Mr. 
Goodwin has discussed Apollonius’ figures, syntax of the moods 
and tenses, and vocabulary in his dissertation entitled Apollonius 
Rhodius, His Figures, Syntax, and Vocabulary, Baltimore, 1891. 

It is the purpose of the present dissertation to take a further 
step in this comparison between Apollonius and Homer. Preposi- 
tions have been chosen as the basis of comparison, first, because 
prepositions are an important element in style and have received a 
fresh importance since the exhaustive studies of Tycho Mommsen, 
culminating in his Beitrdége zu der Lehre von den Griechischen — 
Prdpositionen, Berlin, 1895, in which he has shown—incidental 
to the study of werd and oiv—the frequency of prepositions as 
a whole (gesammtfrequenz) and the numerical relation of the 


*See Gercke, Rheinisches Mus., Vol. 44, p. 127 ff. E. g. Theocritus 16, 20, 


says tis 5€ kev 4AAov Gkovoa; GAis wdytecow “Ounpos. <i 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 9 


cases with which they are used, in nearly all extant Greek 
literature, and also the variations of these phenomena according 
to sphere, department, and author; secondly, because it is desir- 
able to see if a poet who follows Homer so closely in the great 
skeleton parts of style, viz., vocabulary and the syntax of the 
moods and tenses, as has been shown,’ also follows him with 
similar closeness in the less fundamental points of syntax like 
prepositional usages, where following in detail is perhaps not so 
easy and hence more significant. 

For Apollonius, Merkel’s text has been used for the citations. 
The statistics for Homer have been made from Gehring’s Index 
Homericus, Leipzig, 1891. Ebeling’s Lexicon Homericum, Leipzig, 
1885, has been used for the classification of the prepositions in. 
Homer and for most of the examples quoted from him. 

The method of comparison has been as follows. The uses of 
the individual prepositions in Apollonius have been classified 
and the various categories compared with those of Homer and 
illustrated by examples, and, when deviations occur, they have 
been noted. The comparison has been made not only in case 
usages, but alsu in the frequency of the prepositions in the two 
poets and the numerical relation of the cases with which they 
are used to one another. Further, postposition, tmesis,? and the 
adverbial uses have been noted and presented, along with the 
uses with the cases, in the form of tables, in order that the 


1 Cf. Goodwin’s dissertation cited above, p. vi of the introduction. 

* The term tmesis is used here merely for convenience. Properly there is no 
such thing; it is-a misnomer used by the grammarians who regarded the inde- 
pendent place of the prepositions in Homer as deviations from the later established 
usage, and so a ‘severance’ from the compound verb. (Cf. Monro, Hom. Gram., 
p. 164.) Scholars are now agreed that prepositions were originally local adverbs 
and as such distinct from the verb, till they finally coalesced with it forming 
a verbal compound. Obviously, then, the distinction between tmesis and the 
adverbial use of prepositions cannot always be rigidly drawn, Often it is hard 
to tell to which a given use is to be assigned. The principle has been followed, 
in making the statistics here presented, of assigning a use to tmesis when the 
preposition and the verb are such as appear in composition, unless the meaning 
obviously demands that the preposition be taken as a pure adverb. If any uses 
have been classified under the one head that belong under the other, it makes 
no difference as far as the comparison is concerned so long as the same principle 
of classification has been followed in both poets. 


2 


10 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


comparison may be as complete as possible. Finally, the corre- 
spondences in language, so far as prepositional phraseology is 
concerned, have been collected and presented here. It is hoped 
that by all these means a better idea may be obtained of the 
success which Apollonius attained in his chosen task, so far as 
the evidence from prepositional usage goes. 

It was inevitable that the poem of Apollonius as a work of 
art should fall far short of the Homeric poems. It was written 
at a time when the conditions which fostered the growth of the 
epos and were responsible for its existence had long since passed 
away, and new conditions had arisen, too cramped and narrow 
for that free, spontaneous expression which gave to early epic 
poetry its naturalness and vitality. Any attempt to reproduce 
the Homeric spirit must necessarily be attended with effort, and 
consequently with artificiality, for it could not be the free expres- 
sion of its age. It is not surprising, then, that the Argonautica 
bears evidences of the labor with which it was brought forth. 
Yet it is not to be supposed that it has an interest only for the 
grammarian or philologian. There are passages in it that show 
genuine poetic power and make it well worth literary study. It 
is the product of a period of literary development too often 
neglected in our enthusiasm for the works of the classical masters. 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 11 


TABLES SHOWING THE NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF 
THE INDIVIDUAL PREPOSITIONS IN 


APOLLONIUS. 


Prep. with one case. 





amé eis ék 


Prep..........d7l 
74 163 161 296 2 


Piiwccvceseesl B 


év mpd atv mpérap mpompd imréx stmorpd 


64 2 1 14 1 





Prep. with two cases. 


























Prep... dud kard imép diék. mapeK 

gen, acc, tot.} gen. acc. tot.| gen. acc. tot.) gen. acc. tot.| gen. acc. tot. 
No.....| 35 28 63] 23 64 87|28 15 438; 11 10 21] 5 6 Ii 

Prep. with three cases. 

Prep. aupt dvd ent perd. 

gen. dat. acc. tot.| gen. dat. acc. tot.| gen. dat. acc. tot.| gen. dat. acc. tot. 
PO vcvis 11 28 30 69 1 51 52) 44 183 75 302 36 46 82 
Prep mapa mept mpds bd 

gen. dat. acc. tot.| gen. dat. acc. tot.| gen. dat. acc. tot.| gen. dat. acc. tot. 
isis 4 19 20 43] 19 28 10 57] 3 8 11] 10 81 24 115 

















Total number of prepositions with cases in Apollonius 1737. 

Average frequency, one in 3.36 lines. 

Total number of occurrences with the gen. 451, per cent. 25.96. 
“ “ ai “ “ “cc dat. 736, iii « 42.37. 

ace. 550, “ “ 31.66. 


46 “cc “cc “ és “ 


TABLES SHOWING THE NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF 
THE INDIVIDUAL PREPOSITIONS IN 


HOMER. 


Prep. with one case. 





Cy ee . Qyti amd cis ée Cy mpd acbhy awompd Siampd diéx twee 
Tliad....... 7 273 374 406 989 28 113 1 3 13 
9: RS 99 449 284 904 6 75 sat bea 11 2 
Total....... 10 872 823 690 1893 34 188 1 3 12 #15 





12 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


Prep. with two cases. 








EPO astvessabcks coverster did Kata darép Tape 
gen. acc. tot.| gen. acc. tot.| gen. acc. tot.|gen. acc. tot. 
RAMONE igi cate dens codekenia 76 42 118] 50 333 383) 30 23 53] 1 5 6. 
Od.....22sesseeresosessens 21 35 66] 18 253 271) 19 8 27] 1 3 4 
DRM. ddedencnsegdrssenas 97 77 174) 68 586 654) 49 31 80) 2 8 10 














Prep. with three cases. 





Prep.... aut avd. emt pera 

gen. dat. acc. tot.| gen. dat. ace. tot.| gen. dat. acc. tot.| gen. dat. ace. tot. 
Tliad....) 1 59 98 158) ... 6 84 90) 60 358 224 642) 3 123 107 233 
O 1-29 37 67| ...1 3 59 62) 104 186 189 479} 2 92 657 151 


Total...| 2 88 135 225] ... 9 148 152| 164 5444131121} 5 215 164 384 




















Prep. with three cases (continued). 





Prep.... mapa mept mpds imé 

gen. dat. acc. tot.| gen. dat. acc. tot.| gen. dat. acc. tot.| gen. dat. acc. tot. 
Tliad....; 40 134 90 264) 51 58 48 157| 17 7 144168) 99 182 35 266 
6 Ears 27 85 43 155) 28 27 24 79) 10 14 135 159] 27 55 27 109 


Total...| 67 219133 419} 79 85 72 236) 27 21 279 327) 126 187 62 375 




















a f Total number of prepositions with cases in Homer 8198. 

3 Average frequency, one in 3.40 lines. 

= + Total number of occurrences with the gen. 1823, per cent. 22.23. 

= “ “ cs ‘“ a3 a“ dat. 3449, “ sc 42.07. 

< “ec “ a3 “ “ “ acc, 2926, “ “cc 35.70. 

Total number of prepositions with cases in the Iliad 4746. 

= Average frequency, one in 3.31 lines. 

8 4 Total number of occurrences with the gen. 1160, per cent. 24.46. 

a fel ee igh oe AS dake 1979, ae 
L “cc «“< “ ‘“ “ec ce ace, 1607, “cc “ 33.84. 
{ Total number of prepositions with cases in the Odyssey 3452. 

b | Average frequency, one in 3.51 lines. 

a 4 Total number of occurrences with the gen. 663, per cent. 19.2]. 

5 “a “ “ ““ ‘“ “ dat. 1470, “ “ 49.58. 
q ‘cc “é “ ‘sé “ “ec ace. 1319, “ “ 38.21. 





*In three places in the Od. avd is followed by the gen. of going on board a ship. 
These are 8, 416; 1,177; 0, 284. They are better regarded as cases of tmesis, 


however. 
™ 


SLirone 7 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 13 


TABLE SHOWING EACH PREPOSITION’s PER CENT. OF THE 
WHOLE NUMBER OF PREPOSITIONS AND ITS 
AVERAGE FREQUENCY PER LINEs. 



































APOLLONIUS. IuraD. ODYSSEY. Att Homer. 
PREP. 

No.| % | Freq.| No.| % | Freq.| No.| % | Freq-| No.| % | Freq. 
ayrt. 3| .17/1945 71 .15|2242 3} .08/4036 10} .12/2780.3 
émré....| 74) 4.2 | 78.8 | 273] 5.8 57.5| 99| 2.8 | 122.3) 372! 4.5 | 74.7 
€1S.s00ee 163} 9.4 | 35.8 | 374] 7.9 | 41.9} 449 |138. 26.9} 823/10.03} 33.7 
SIS. 161} 9.3 | 36.2 | 406] 8.5 | 388.6) 284) 8.2} 42.6) 690! 8.4] 403 
€v....00| 296 |17. 19.7 | 989 |20.8 15.8| 904 |26.2 | 13.3/1893/23.1 14.7 
ampd....| 2{ .11/2917.7 | 28] .59) 5604) 6 17|2018.3| 34] .41] 817.7 
ovv,...| 64) 3.7; 91.1 | 113] 2.4 | 138.9] 75| 2.2 | 161.4) 188) 2.3 | 147.8 
bréx...| 14) .80} 416.8 | 18} .27/1207.1} .2} .06/6055 | 15) .18/1853.5 
did.....|. 63} 3.6 92.6 | 118} 2.5 | 182.9} 56] 1.6 | 216.2) 174] 2.1 | 159.8 
xard...| 87| 5.02) 67.06) 383} 8.1 40.9|271| 7.8 | 44.7) 654) 7.9 | 42.5 
brép..., 43) 2.5 | 185.7 | 53] 1.1 | 296.1] 27| .78| 448.5) 80) .97| 347.5 
diée ...| 21] 1.2 | 277.8 1] .02)15693} 11] .31/1100.9| 12} .14/2316.9° 
mapéx..| 11| .63) 530.5 6} .12/2615.5} 4] .11/8027.5' 10} .12/2780.3 
aupt...|. 69} 3.9 84.5 1158; 3.3 | 99.8) 67] 1.9 | 180.7) 225) 2.7 | 128.5 
évd....| 52) 2.9 | 112.2 | 90} 1.9 | 174.4) 62] 1.8 | 195.3) 152] 1.8 | 182.9 
érf.....| 802 117.3 19.3 | 642|13.5 | 24.41479/13.8 | 25.3)1121)13.6 24.8 
perd...| 82) 4.7 | 71.1 | 233] 4.9 | 67.8/151} 4.3 | 80.2; 384, 4.6 | 72.4 
mwapd..| 43} 2.5 | 135.7 |264| 5.5 | 59.4)155| 4.4] 78.1) 419) 5.1 66.3 
mept...| 57] 3.3 | 102.4 | 157] 3.3 99.9] 79} 2.3 | 153.3] 236] 2.8 | 117.8 
mpdés...| 11] .63] 530.5 | 168} $3.5 | 98.4159] 4.6 | 76.1) 327} 3.9 | 85.02 
tmd.... 115! 6.6 | 50.7 |266' 5.6! 59 |109! 3.2! 111.1) 3751 45 ' 741 




















14 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


TABLES SHOWING THE NUMBER OF EXAMPLES OF PostT- 
POSITION OF EACH PREPOSITION AND THE PER CENT. 
oF ITs Toran NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES. 





























APOLLONIUS. HoMER. 
PREP 
Postp. % ll. Od. | Tot. % 
GYTE .ecevees il Sis 5 és 5 50. 
ro Pee 14 18.9 28 16 44 11.8 
lS: Lcconeael f 43 20 28 48 5.8 
nt .chasebians 10 6.2 20 18 38 5.5 
OF .nccaceoan 66 22.3 71 67 | 188 7.3 
SPE. dessaree or hae 4 ad A 1.2 
POP ssssecece 1 1.5 2 6 8 4.2 
Bree .occeces ae ie 1 ae 1 6.6 
Suampé ... ee ay 2 bas 2 66.6 
age aa een 1 1.6 10 5 15 8.6 
KOTO .csceces 2 2.3 10 24 34 5.2 
Sibisecce 12 | 27.9 6 4} 10} 125 
MAPEK oe .00e 1 9.1 ake ei aa ies 
Gudl ...... = 6 8.7 9 7 16 7.1 
OM deveceon 1 1.9 8 6 14 9.2 
ij Eee 31 10.2 108 34 142 12.6 
HET ...cnere 4 5. 11 8 19 4.9 
TOPE »..eene0 2 4.6 13 8 21 4.9 
WEPhsesesevs 12 21.1 11 9 20 8.5 
TPOS we.ceeee +P sb 2 1 3 9 
ORE wkcvadons 11 9.6 45 18 63 16.8 
Il. 8.13 
Total ...... igi | 10.42 386 | 259 | 645 | 0d. 7.00 
All, 7.85 





























TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF INSTANCES OF PosT- 
POSITION WirH Eacu CASE AND THE PER CENT. 
OF THE ToTAL NUMBER oF INSTANCES. 











gen. dat. acc. 
CASE. Total. 
No % No. G No % 
BIOL ss ccsovees 57 31.5 105 58... 19 10.5 181 
indaees joe 89 23.1 188 48.7 109 28.2 386 
Gee 54 20.8 105 40.6 100 38.6 259 
All Homer..| 1438 22.2 293 45.4 209 32.3 645 


























A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Hoimer:° 15 


% 


~ 


" Cc O 


TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF OCCURRENCES OF TMESIS 
AND THE ADVERBIAL USE OF EACH PROPOSITION. 





























APOLLONIUS. HoMeEr. 
pene. Tmesis. |Adverbial. Tmesis. Adverbial. 
No.| Freq. |No.| Freq. | Il. |Od.| Tot.} Freq. | Il. |Od.|Tot.| Freq. 

GUT ios sevecesee] 0 0} O 0} OO} 0 0 0 0} 0 0 0 
WeDisasacives,s 17| 343.2] 0 0} 74) 41} 115 241.7 0} 0 0 0 
OE sc thieclcnnd -| 3/1945 0 0} 14) 12} 26) 1069.3 0} 0 0 0 
tec: 30! 194.5] 0 ol107 101| 208} 133.6} 0} O| 0 0 
Waseventss chats 21| 277.9) 12) 486.2) 72) 54) 126 220.6 | 27) 32) 59 471.2 
MP bees eevee 0 0} 7| 883,6; 6] 2 8| 3475.3 71 8! 10] 2780.38 
COP ics oxienan ees} 5/1167 | 11) 530.4) 19] 18) 37 751.4 oO} 0 0 0 
Bid..ecescocesss| 12) 486.2] 0 0} 10; 9} 19) 1463.3 0} 0 0 0 
Se) ee ee 11} 530.4) 0 0/109}101} 210 182.4 0} 0 0 0 
ok TEE 2)/2917.5| 0 0} O| 0 0 0 0} 0 0 0 
GuUdl......00 .-| 8| 729.4) 16) 364.7; 30] 37) 67 4149 | 41} 23) 64 434.4 
GVd,..s0se000e0e| 19] 307.1] 0 0} 35) 36] 7] 391.6 0 Sa 2} 13901.5 
Ctl. seecveessss-| 44) 132.6) 4/1458.'7/104/103] 207 134.3 | 17; 4| 21} 1823.8 
METH. seeeeese} 4/1458.7| 16] 364.7) 12) 8} 20) 1890.1 4; 2 6| 4633.8 
TOPs sseesees «| 311945 2)/2917.5| 21) 34) 55 505.5 | 11} 6| 17) 1685.4 
TEPh ss ceesees ..| 13} 448.8) 17] 343.2) 34] 34] 68 408.8 | 43) 37] 80 347.5 
TPES ..006 «| 1/5835 411458,7; 19] 17] 36 772.3 7) 5) 12) 2816.9 
Se 3li945 | 0 49| 33} 82| 33911 7| 2| 91 3089.3 
kay nha 0 QO} 2)2917.5) 0} O 0 0 2) 0 2} 13901.5 
Grom pd....0000 0 oO} 0 0} Oo} 0 0| 2) O; 2) 13901.5 
Fam... veceee 0 0} 1/5835 0} 0 0 0] 16) 2} 18) 1544.6 
SE Risccacusacve 0 0} 1/5835 0} O 0 0 0} 0 0 0 
émumpd 0 0} 11) 530.4; 0} 0; 0 0; OF 0) O 0 
TOPE Resse veaees 0 0} 6) 972.5) O} 1 1} 27803 2} 6 8| 3475.3 
MEPLTPS . 2.00. 0 0} 1/5835 0} 0} 0 Oo; 2} O} 2 18901.5 
mponpdoi.)... o} of: pi2917.5] of o| 0 0} Oo Of Oo 0 
Grd... cscoce me AE 0} 0 OF. O13 3| 9267.7 0} 0 0 0 
brekmpd.....+. 1/5835 0 Oo} Oo} OF 0 0; Oo} O O 0 
Il. 21.9 Il. 83.0 

Od. 18.8 Od. 98.4 

TOOAL «iss casa: 197} 29.6|113) 51.6}715|644/1359 20.4 |189|123 312) 89.1 
































16 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


CLASSIFICATION OF THE USES OF THE PREPOSITIONS. 





avTi. 

This preposition occurs but 3 times in Apollonius, signifying 
instead of. Homer, too, finds little occasion for its use, having 
but 10 examples, 7 in the Iliad, 3 in the Odyssey. There is little 
difference in its relative frequency in the two poets. Homer shows 
greater freedom of position in that he postpones one half of his 
examples of dvri (all in the Iliad), whereas Apollonius does not 
postpone it at all. 

The examples for Apollonius are: 

2, 448 dvri 5é rod Odvarov po adap Oeds éyyvariéas ; 2, 851 
of 8 avtl ... ."I8uovos . .. . Ayaunotopa xvdaivovow ; 4, 30 
avr éuéOev .... TAGKOY elwst ALTTODCA. 


and. 

Apollonius uses this preposition 74 times, chiefly in the locative 
sense with verbs of motion away from, or of position apart from, 
or at a distance from, less often expressing origin or source. He 
also uses it in two instances (1, 691 and 2, 454) in a partitive rela- 
tion, of the whole from which a part is taken. 

He has followed Homer very closely in the use of this prepo- 
sition. The latter uses it 372 times, 273 in the Iliad, 99 in the 
Odyssey. Its relative frequency in the two poets is nearly the same, 
although in the Iliad it is mueh more frequent, in the Odyssey 
much less frequent, than in the Argonautica. Apollonius postpones 
amo much more freely than Homer, as is generally true also of 
the other prepositions. It is not used adverbially, but is common 
in tmesis in both poets, especially in the latter. 

a6 may be classified as follows: 


I. OF MOTION away from, either expressed or implied : 


1) With names of countries, e. g., 


1, 77 am EvBoins KdvOos wie ; cf. 1, 125; 1, 535; 2, 1148 ; 
3, 356; 3, 375; 4, 1775. 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 17 


2) With other nouns, e. g., 

1, 989 am’ ovpeos ai€avtes ; cf. 1, 1067; 1, 1107; 1, 1231; 
1, 1278; 2, 188; 2, 456; 2, 5388; 2, 1042; 2, 1216; 2, 1261; 
3, 48; 3, 439; 3, 534; 3, 587; 3, 760; 3, 1014; 3, 1037; 3, 
1352; 3, 13866; 3,1395; 4,80; 4,104; 4,109; 4,114; 4, 162; 
4, 724; 4, 752; 4, 768; 4, 885; 4, 901; 4, 926; 4, 1186; 4, 
1206; 4, 1243; 4, 1808; 4, 1365; 4, 1890; 4, 1529; 4, 1636; 
4, 1647. 

These categories are common in Homer, e. g., 

1) Il. 0, 492 dard Tpoinber iovra ; Od. x, 49 hépev. . . . yains 
aro tatpidos; 2) Il. A, 249 ard yAdoons ... . péev; Od. 8, 
375 amo yOoves .... aepOeis, ete. 

3) With persons, e. g., 

1, 821 avepyopuévovs @pnxay aro; cf. 3, 965; 4,983. From 
Homer ef. Il. A, 556 dro Tpdov.... jue; Od. 1, 461 amd & 
méptre, ete. 

4) Of light coming from a place, e. g., 

1, 487 cédas . . . . Aapropevovy Ovéwv Aro; 3, 1016 aro 
EavOoto xapnatos Aicovidao otpdmrev "Epws (metaphorically) ; 
also 4, 1144. From Homer ef. Il. B, 457 dad yarxod.... 
alyhn twapdavowca; N, 341; &, 214, ete. 

5) Of defending : 

1, 815 dao pntpdos ASBnv .... duvvov. Cf. Il. N, 440 amo 
xpoos poker OrcOpor ; Od. B, 59 apyv ard olKov apidvat, ete. 

6) Metaphorically : 

1, 979 Bdarev & azo Seipara Ovyod which is rather tmesis than 
prepositional. Homer does not have the expression amd Quod 
with a verb of motion. He has it with a verb of rest, however. 


Cf. below under IT. 


II. DENOTING POSITION away from, apart from, e. g., 

1, 60 ofos am’ dAdov .... aptotnov; cf. 1, 937; 2, 192;. 8, 
907; 3,912; 4, 1090; 4, 1172; metaphorically 2, 253 Oeots dao 
Ouyod écecOar ; cf. also 2, 865. Cf. Il. B, 292 pévav aro ts 
aroyxo.o ; Il. A, 562 ard Oupod warrov éuol éveas. 


III. OF Extent from a position: 
1, 945 nepéOovrar ....amd.... @pov ; 4, 1400 ad kpatos... 
aypis émr axvnoti Keir amvoos. With 1, 945 ef. Il. B, 448. 


18 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


ITV. OF ORIGIN or SOURCE: 


1) Of descent : 

1, 231 ad’ atwaros evyerowvTo éupevas ; cf. 2, 359; 3, 920. 
Cf. Od. «, 350 yiyvovras .... &« Te Kpnvéwy ard T ddcéov. 

2) Of source: 

1, 625 aiddnbcicav ... . Suxivov dro; cf. 1, 766; Ll. A, 675 


eBAnr .... éwis aro yerpos. 
V. PartitIvELy, of the whole from which a part is taken: 
1, 691 xrepéwy aaro poipav édobcav ; 2, 454 dopéovtes éfs aro 
potpav édwdhs. Of. Od. e, 40 Aaywv amd Anidos aicar ; ef. v, 
138 and Il. }, 327. This construction is frequent in Thucydides, 
e. g., 1, 110 ddéyou ard Troddav; 1, 116 AaBov éEEnKovTa vads 
amd Tov éboppovear, etc. See Kihner, Gram., 11, § 430, 3, b. 


els, &. 

Form. Apollonius prefers the shorter form, the proportion of 
és to eis being 114 to 52. Homer has about the same proportion 
in favor of és, viz., 584 to 265. 

Use. The frequency of this preposition in the Argonautica is 
slightly below that of Homer. It is to be observed that it is con- 
siderably more frequent in the Odyssey (once in 26.9 lines) than 
in the Iliad (once in 41.9 lines). In this respect Apollonius is a 
little nearer the Lliad, using it once in 35.8 lines. Postposition 
of eis is not very frequent in either poet, the Argonautica having 
7 instances (4.3 per cent.), the Homeric poems 48 (5.8 per cent.). 
It is not used adverbially, seldom in tmesis (Apollonius 3 times, 
or once in 1945 lines, Homer 26, or once in 1069.3 lines). 

In the main Apollonius has followed his predecessor elosely in 
the use of eis. The prevailing one is the locative, expressing 
motion éo or into a place, less often to or towards a person. It also 
denotes time, limit or measure and purpose or end. 

The uses of eis may be classified as follows: 


I. OF PLACE: 
1) With verbs of motion or implying motion : 
(a) With names of countries, cities, rivers, e. g., 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 19 


1,416 dyevija....és“EXXdda ; 1,419 és’Optuyinv.... xopicce ; 
4, 608 és "Hpsdavov mpoxvrivderar ; cf. also 1, 623; 1, 904; 
2, 639; 2, 893; 2, 1156; 2, 1195; 3, 2; 3, 29; 3, 61; 3, 89; 
3, 339; 3, 601; 3, 992; 3, 1059; 3, 1080; 3, 1113; 3, 1134; 
4,98; 4, 626; 4, 652; 4, 809; 4, 1161; 4, 13827; 4, 1490; 
4, 1703. Cf. Il. B, 667 és “Podov i€ev ; Od. a, 18 véer@as eis 
"Taxny, ete. 

(6) With other nouns, e. g., 

1, 39 eis & idvtes; 1, 109 és Susrov @pcev, etc. Cf. also 
1, 248; 1,363; 1,577; 1,635; 1,654; 1, 708; 1,853; 1,916; 
1,1007; 1,1010; 1, 1051; 1,1108; 1,1110; 1,1178; 1, 1188; 
1, 1236; 1, 1268; 2, 322; 2, 368; 2, 403; 2, 746; 2, 831; 
2, 886; 2, 934; 2, 986; 2, 1081; 2, 1091; 2, 1167; 2, 1170; 
2, 1242; 3, 41; 3,177; 3,212; 3,419; 3,538; 3,589; 3, 738; 
3, 820; 3, 841; 3, 903; 3, 907; 3, 1147; 3, 1165; 3, 1196; 
3, 1239; 3, 1269; 38,1278; 3, 1358; 3, 1381; 3, 1382; 3, 1384; 
3, 1396; 3, 1404; 4, 100; 4, 135; 4, 183; 4, 214; 4, 310; 
4,348; 4,385; 4,404; 4,415; 4,440; 4,454; 4,521; 4, 597; 
4, 636; 4, 689; 4, 759; 4, 805; 4, 949; 4, 1002; 4, 1014; 
4,1041; 4,1077; 4,1313; 4,13833; 4,1566; 4,1577; 4, 1599; 
4, 1742. 

Examples from Homer are abundant, e. g., 

Il. A, 402 xarécac’ és waxpov”OrvpTrov ; Od. «, 158 eis od0v.... 
Kev, etc. 

2) With verbal nouns of motion, e. g., 

1, 386 és “EAAdSda vootos; cf. 2, 416; 1, 337 és Alnrao 
Kérevdor ; 2, 777 és Ainrny .... door ; cf. also, 2, 353; 2, 692 ; 
4, 1508. 

Homer uses e/s with odds in two instances, viz., Od. x, 568 
odov .... eis “Aidao ddpous ; Od. x, 128 odds és Aavpnv. With 
other prepositions he has the following: with é7i, Od. y, 143 
vootov....ém evpéa vata Saracens ; ef. Il. K, 509-10; also Od. e, 
237; with au, Hym. to Ap. P. 49 cénevOo .. . . du mediov ; with 
vreip, Od. 6, 172 taelp dda voorov; with éx, Il. I, 622 é« 
KAXLcins voortoo ; cf. Od. a, 327. 

3) With verbs implying motion or direction, as 

1, 725 és nédXuov .... dooe Badors ; 1, 938 eis Gra Kexripévn ; 
ef, also 2, 49; 2, 684; 2, 732; 3, 298; 3, 508; 3, 744; 3, 951; 


20 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


4, 681. Cf. Il. &, 469 és wip érpewe; Od. ¢, 439 és yatay 
Op@pevos, ete. 

4) With verbs of rest implying a pevious motion : 

2, 606 wérpac § eis &va yapov ... . éppilobev ; 4, 336 eis auras 
mArAnOdw rimev. Cf. Il. O, 332 és rediov mpopavévte ; Od. p, 
447 oti? .... és péocor, ete. 

5) In 1, 647 dAro® trroyPoviow évapiOpios, GAdoT és avyas 
neriov Cwoicr pet avdpdow ‘now counted among those beneath 
the earth, now among living men in the sunlight, és is used where 
we would expect év or the simple dative. Motion, however, is 
implied here, the idea being transferrence to the light of the sun 
among living men. So Beck’ translates ‘ nunc inferis adnumera- 
retur, nunc ad iubar solis inter viventes versaretur’ and similarly 
Shaw.’ Willmann® has ‘dass sie anjetzt sich den Schatten vereini- 
get, jetzt in der Sonne strahlendem Glanz mit den Menschen den 
lebenden.’ Ville de Mirmont‘ has ‘tant6t compter parmi ceux 
que habitent sous la terre, tanté6t parmi les hommes qui vivent & 
la clarté du soleil.’ 


Il. With PERSONS: 


1) Of motion to, e. g., 

*1, 12 txero & és Tleviny; cf. also 1, 1296; 1, 13830; 2, 277; 
2,467; 2,777; 3, 1172; 4, 762; 4,772; 4, 773; 4, 1479. 

2) With verb of addressing: 

1, 250 addr S& eis érépny droddpeto Sdxpv yéovoa. These 
examples are all in the singular except one, 4, 1479. The 
singular, too, is more common in Homer, though eis with the 
plural is frequent. The scholia to Homer say és = mpds when so 
used with single persons. Kiihner, Gram., 11, § 432, would assign 
to the prepositional phrase in prose the connotation of ‘ dwelling, 
“land ;’ ef. Thucyd. 1, 137, 3 éoéurre: ypdppata és Bactréa (to 
the house of the king); Isaeus, 7, 14 é\Oar eis tiv éunv pytépa 
to the house of my mother), etc. In Homer, however, and the 


1 Edition of 1797, Leipzig. 2 Edition of 1779, Oxford. 
5 Die Argonautenzug . . . . verdeutscht, Kéln, 1832. 


* Apollonios de Rhodes, Les Argonautiques. Traduction frangaise .. . 
Bordeaux, 1892. 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer, 21 


other epic poets es is used like pds with persons. For examples 
in Homer cf. Il. H, 312 eis "Ayapéuvova .... dyov ; Od. x, 202 
Byrnv eis’ Odvaja, ete. 


III. DENorine TIME: 

1) A limit of time: 

1, 603 és évdvov ; 1, 1138 és atet ; 2, 718 ets aiév. 

2) An approximate point of time: 

1, 690 érrepyopevoy .... eis éros ; 1, 1151 és 7d; ef. 4, 1620; 4, 
1688; 3, 1389 és @painv. 

3) Opposed to é« in such phrases as 

1, 861 ets Ruap ael é& Huatos ; 4, 1772 eis Eros é& Ereos. Cf. 
(1) Il. A, 601 és Hércov Katadivta ; (2) Od. &, 384 NetoecOar 7 
€s Oépos 7 és omrw@pnv ; (3) Ll. B, 86 ex vedrntos.... és yijpas, ete. 


IV. OF LIMIT or MEASURE: 

1) 1, 1193 tooon.... phKds Te kal és mdayos jev idécOa ; 2, 
221 yipas.... és TéXOs Ex ; 2, 314 ypelwv é£eins Te Kal és TEXOS. 

2) With numeral : 

2,976 rerpddos eis éxatov SevorTd Kxev ‘it would lack but four 
of being or reaching 100.’ Cf. Il. X, 397 és adupov é« mrépvns ; 
WV, 169 és wodas éx Keharis, ete. 


VY. OF PURPOSE or END, e. g., 

1,477 eis drnv.... nip odaver ; cf.alsv 2,64; 2,1051; 3,1176; 
4, 1154; 4, 1459; 4,1602. Cf. Il. I, 102 edmeiv eis dyadov ; Od. 
pf, 372 eis ATHY Kotunoate, ete. 


x, &&. 

Form. é« is used before a consonant, é& before a vowel. ‘I'he 
proportion of é« to é& in Apollonius is 134 to 57; in Homer 622 
to 276. 

Use. This preposition is slightly more frequent in our poet 
(once in 36.2 lines) than in Homer (once in 40.3 lines). It is 
more frequent in the Iliad (once in 58.6 lines) than in the 
Odyssey (once in 42.6 lines). The Argonautica is, therefore, 
nearer the Iliad in this respect. Apollonius postpones é« a little 


22 <A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


oftener than his predecessor (10 examples, or 6.2 per cent. in the 
former, 38 examples, or 5.5 per cent. in the latter). Tmesis is 
frequent in both poets, but much more so in Homer (once in 
194.5 lines in Apollonius, once in 133.6 in Homer). 

The most common use of this preposition is to denote from (out 
of), where there was a previous rest in, a place, in distinction from 
amo which properly means simply separation or direction away 
from. In many cases, however, the two are used with no apparent 
difference in signification. From a place may be conceived either 
as direction or separation from (dod), or source out of (éx). é« 
also denotes distinction from, position from whence an action 
takes place, malerial, descent or parentage, cause, agency, means, 
source, time. 


The uses of é« may be classified as follows: 


I, DENOTING PLACE whence or out of : 

1) With verbs of motion or implying motion : 

(a) From lands, cities, people, as 

1, 69 é& ’Omdevtos w@poev ; cf. also 1, 207; 2, 277; 2, 424; 
2, 611; 2, 995; 2, 1096; 2, 1167; 4, 385. Cf. Il. A, 269 é« 
IIvrov érXOav ; Od. x, 40 éx Tpoins dyeraz, ete. 

(6) From buildings or parts of buildings, e. g., 

1, 306 Sdumv e& @pro véecOas; cf. also 1, 804; 1, 1212; 2, 
468; 2, 816; 3, 249; 3, 285; 3, 442; 3, 671; 4, 708; 4, 743; 
4,876; 4,1119; 4,1220. Cf. Il. Z, 377 Bn... . é« peydpouo ; 
Od. £ 74 é« Oardpoto péper, ete. 

(c) From parts of the body, e. g., 

1, 743 é« Sé of Ouou.... Keyxdracto ; 2, 50 ornbéwr €& aipa 
Kedacoa ; cf. also 1, 1813; 2, 207; 2, 666; 3, 289; 3, 1303; 
4,901; 4, 1308. Cf. Il. I, 221 é« orneos ein; Od. e, 316 éx 
NELp@V Mpoénke, etc. 

(d) With other nouns, as | 

1, 307 é« vnoio.... ciow; cf. further 1, 385; 1,553; 1, 640; 
1, 894; 1, 986; 1, 1100; 1, 1104; 1, 1109; 1, 1148; 1, 1160; 
1, 1281; 1, 13861; 2, 165; 2, 166; 2, 224; 2, 303; 2, 356; 
2, 390; 2, 402; 2, 431; 2, 826; 2, 827; 2, 914; 2, 1086; 
2, 1239; 3, 213; 3, 231; 3, 294; 3, 316; 3, 431; 3, 473; 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 238 


3, 569; 3, 721; 3, 739; 3, 1035; 3, 1060; 3, 1199; 3, 1236; 
3, 1266; 3, 1803; 3, 1840; 3, 1347; 3, 1364; 3, 1880; 4, 198; 
4, 207; 4,628; 4,632; 4,659; 4,673; 4,779; 4,871; 4, 885; 
4, 924; 4, 992; 4, 1054; 4, 1110; 4, 1135; 4, 1267; 4, 1363; 
4, 1734. 

2) Of direction, with verbs of looking : 

3, 745 epaxov éx vndv; cf. 4, 568; 4, 898. Cf. Il. A, 337 
é&"Idns xabopav; Od. ¢, 283 rnroev ex Lorrvpwv dpéwy ider, etc. 

3) Of position : 

2, 1107 ov 3 rn dotpa.... paiver idécOa ex vehéwv ; 4, 1426 
éx d€ vu Keivov Sevdpéwy ... . eEéhavev; cf. 1, 801; 1, 1115. 
Cf. Il. A, 62 é« vedéwy avadhaiveras....aortnp; Il. E, 864, ete. 

4) Of implied motion : 

2, 700 é« 8é vv wadvTwv.... pnpia.... Kaiov ‘cut the thigh 
bones from all and burnt them ;’ 2, 1171 é« vnos daxKé cgicw 
 elwata Sivae ‘he took clothing from the ship and gave it to them 
to put on;’ 3, 616 é& ayéwv ... . kateXwdeev irrvos ‘sleep gives 
rest from distresses ;’ 3, 1212 4 S diovoa KevOuav é& irdtwr of 
the sound coming from the bottom of the hole; 4, 1149 écav éx 
mediwy ‘came from the plains.” Cf. Il. 3, 130 é@a 8 érer’ 
abot pev eyopeba Sniorntos éx Bedéwv ‘hold back from fighting 
(going) out of range ;’ Od. ¢, 224 é« morapod ypoa vigero ‘ washed 
his body with water brought from the river,’ etc. 

5) Of extent from a point: 

1, 222 audi 8 verous Kpdatos é& bmdroto Kal avyévos.... 
Sovéovto .. . . @epar; cf. also 3, 1271; 4, 180; 4, 1346; 4, 
1606. Cf. Il. I, 640 é« xehadis eirAuto Siaptrepes és modas ; 
Il, X, 397, ete. 

6) Of mporation or distinction from : 

1, 620 oin S é« wacéwv .. . . wepipeioato; ef. 1, 1852; 2, 
1150. Cf. Il. A, 96 é« wdvrov Sé padtota ; Od. 8, 723 aye 


€owKev ex tracéwyr, ete. 


II. Besides the locative relations given above the uses of é& 
may be classified under the following heads : 

1) Of material : 

2, 845 é« xorivoto dddrayé; 3, 13824 apapviay .... &€ 
addpavtos, Cf. Il. X, 152 é& bdatos xpvoTddrg. 


eR Rae 


rae MAAR A 
Tr ee 


24 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


2) Of descent or parentage: 

1, 901 yévouro éx paxdpwv; cf. 2, 1153; 3, 919; 4, 256. 
Cf. Il. E, 548 é« dé Avoxdrjos .. . . yevéoOnv ; Od. v, 192 téwv 
& é& edyerat civas avdpar, ete. 

3) Of agent:? 

1, 1098 é« yap ths dvepot te Oddacoa Te. ... xXOov.... 
merreipyntat ; cf. further 2, 426; 2, 608; 2, 798. Cf. Il. B, 38 
épnmrar éx Atos ; Od. n, 70 tetiuntai te kal éoriv Ex Te didov 
matowv ék T avtov ArXxwooto, ete. 

4) Of means: 

1, 520 é« & advémoro evdcor ExrvLovto Twaccopévns GOs aKpat, 
ef. also 2, 1248; 3, 345; 4, 215. Cf. Il. A, 308 cridvata é& 
avéuoro.... tans. 

5) Of cause: | 

4, 613 otpavoy ....diure@v éx matpos évirfs. Cf. Od. y, 185 
olrov éméaotrov punvios é& orXons ; II. I, 566, ete. 

6) Of source: 

1, 283 énv ere Aourrdv eéAXOwp ex céGev ; 1, 1071 é« Atos Fyap 
ériprubev ; cf. also 2, 196; 2, 527; 2, 931; 2, 1079; 2, 1122; 
3, 182; 3, 498; 3, 627; 3, 677; 3, 903; 3, 1027; 3, 1301; 
4, 157; 4, 446; 4, 607; 4, 674; 4, 1082; 4, 1446; 4, 1762. 
Cf. Il. A, 63 dvap éx Avds éotw; Od. 7, 93 é& éued Exdves, ete. 

7) According to (secundum) : 

3, 1006 7} yap Eovcas ex popdhhs ayavnow emnteinor Kexadaat 
‘surely (to judge) from thy form thou shouldst excel.’—The Paris 
(Didot) edition’ renders this ‘profecto enim videris secundum 
formam molli lenitate ornata esse.’ So also Beck. No exact 
parallel to this appears in Homer. Giseke, Die allmahliche Ent- 
stehung der Gesiinge des [lias aus Unterschieden im Gebrauch 
der Priipositionen, 1853, p. 54, quotes this passage in Apollonius 
in connection with Il. K, 68 warpddev éx yevens dvoudlov dvdpa 
écaotov which Monro, Hom. Gram., § 223, renders ‘ calling them 
by their father’s name according to family.’ 


1é used of the agent or author of an action with passive and intransitive verbs 
instead of iré is common in Herodotus, also often in tragedy, seldom in Attic 
prose. Cf. Kihner, Gram., 11, 2 430. 

? Hesiodi et aliorum carmina, ed. F. S. Lehrs, 1862. The Argonautica with 
Latin translation is included in this collection. 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 25 


IiI. Or Te: 

1) 2,911; 4, 431 é& ob ; 3, 302 ex dé rod; 4, 520 é« robe. 
All these expressions are frequent in Homer, e. g., Il. A, 6; 
@, 295; Od. B, 27, ete. 

2) Particular points of time: 

1, 498 veixeos €& odooto SiéxpiOev ‘after the quarrel ;’ cf. 
further 1, 861; 1, 1073; 2, 432; 4, 704; 4, 1772. Cf. Il. N, 
493 pHra mopev’ ex Boravns, ete. 


5 . ee. 2 
EV, EVL, ELV. 


Form. The forms é and évi occur equally often in Apollo- 
nius, the ratio of év to évi and eiy being 160:160:8,. Homer has 
év 1433 times, évi 604, edy 36, eivi 5. 


UsE. ev is considerably less frequent in the Argonautica (once 
in 19.7 lines) than in Homer (once in 14.7 lines; Iliad once in 
15.8 lines, Od. once in 13.3 lines). Postposition is frequent in 
both poets, but much more so in Apollonius (66 instances or 22.3 
per cent.; Homer 138 or 7.3 per cent.). The adverbial use of é& 
occurs with little difference in frequency in the two poets. In the 
matter of tmesis, however, our poet falls considerably below his 
predecessor (once in 277.9 lines in the former, once in 220.6 
in the latter). 

ev is found in few other uses than the strictly locative one 
which properly belongs to it. The classification is as follows: 


I, OF PLACE: 


1) Of rest in a place: 

(a) With names of countries, cities, rivers, islands, ete. : 
1, 45 Durden Ge Snpov Ereuwto; 2, 522 &v 8 Kéw xare- 
vacoato ; cf. 1, 81; 1, 83; 1, 94; 1, 5386; 1, 537; 1, 1305; 
3, 57; 3, 549; 3, 858; 3, 976; 3, 1177; 4, 425; 4, 434; 4, 
1396; 4, 1483; 4, 1687. Cf. Il. I, 244 xcdreyev .. . . aia & 
Aaxedaipovr ; Od. 6, 461 ear év rrarpis: yain, ete. 

(6) With buildings or parts of buildings, e. g., 

1, 148 dopos Gu. . . . réxev; cf. further 1, 225; 1, 810; 
1, 818; 1, 909; 1, 960; 1, 1174; 2, 304; 2, 381; 2, 437; 

3 


26 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


2, 459; 2, 778; 2, 1022; 2, 1023; 2, 1154; 3, 215; 3, 228; 
3, 251; 3,278; 3,305; 3,585; 3,648; 3,656; 3,798; 3, 838; 
8, 1116; 3, 1127; 4, 8; 4, 471; 4, 1022; 4, 1083, 4, 1159; 
4,1160; 4,1722. Cf. Il. I, 233 fetmocev .... oixm ev mpe- 
tépw ; Od. n, 12 tpéde ... . ev peydporow ; ete. 

(c) Among several people : 

1, 342 Awevor év péoooror ; cf. further 1, 464; 1,819; 1,1213; 
1, 13838; 2, 10; 2, 238; 2, 309; 2, 748; 2, 881; 2, 1281; 3, 
23; 3, 443; 3, 667; 3, 812; 4, 1191; 4, 1276. 

Cf. Il. B, 45 évt Tpweco’ ayopevar, ete. 

(d) With other nouns, as 

1,16 é&vi rovTr@ . . . . voorov drdéoon ; cf. further 1, 121; 1, 
126; 1, 128; 1, 160; 1, 200; 1, 215; 1, 254; 1, 264; 1, 375; 
1,441; 1,460; 1,467; 1,478; 1,499; 1,529; 1,561; 1,622; 
1,638; 1,656; 1,673; 1,728; 1,746; 1,770; 1,788; 1, 814; 
1, 831; 1, 872; 1, 965; 1, 1006; 1, 1034; 1, 1090; 1, 1111; 
1,1113; 1,1211; 1,1234; 1,1323; 2,26; 2,36; 2,44; 2,123; 
2,131; 2,152; 2,151; 2,233; 2,278; 2,281; 2,306; 2,318; 
2, 332; 2, 334; 2,334; 2,387; 2,399; 2,478; 2,525; 2, 597; 
2, 668; 2,712; 2,820; 2, 848; 2,872; 2,910; 2,927; 2, 939; 
2,956; 2,972; 2, 1006; 2, 1018; 2, 1021; 2, 1024; 2, 1028; 
2, 1057; 2, 1102; 2,1129; 2,1193; 2, 1213; 2,1235; 2, 1288; 
3,42; 3,49; 3, 63; 3,93; 3,114; 3, 134; 3, 140; 3, 168; 3, 
170; 3, 204; 3, 309; 3, 343; 3, 397; 3, 525; 3, 551; 3, 605; 
3, 635; 3, 644; 3, 671; 3, 700; 3,728; 3,743; 3, 757; 3, 759; 
3, 801; 3, 835; 3,851; 3, 855; 3, 857; 3,939; 3, 944; 3, 968; 
3,976; 3,980; 3, 1030; 3, 1031; 3,1105; 3,1114; 3, 1160; 3, 
1163; 3,1206; 3, 1263; 3,1293; 3,1298; 4,13; 4,23; 4, 88; 
4,159; 4,186; 4, 202; 4,214; 4,219; 4,222; 4,232; 4, 267; 
4, 280; 4, 287; 4, 316; 4,331; 4,452; 4, 480; 4, 487; 4, 518; 
4, 544; 4,562; 4, 588; 4,627; 4, 689; 4,694; 4, 696; 4, 782; 
4,790; 4,794; 4, 810; 4,853; 4, 882; 4, 888; 4,904; 4, 916; 
4,970; 4, 981; 4, 986; 4, 1045; 4, 1053; 4, 1059; 4, 1069; 4, 
1089; 4, 1091; 4, 1093; 4, 1123; 4, 1129; 4, 1133; 4, 1187; 
4, 1142; 4, 1145; 4,1153; 4,1175; 4, 1283; 4, 1394; 4, 1498; 
4, 1548; 4,1617; 4,1635; 4, 1671; 4, 1680; 4,1705; 4,1713; 
4,1717; 4,1721; 4, 1726; 4, 1732. 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 27 


2) With verbs of motion implying subsequent rest : 

1, 506 érecov & evi kipaow; 1, 757; ev mAnpynor.... 
minrtev ; cf. also 1, 1027; 1,1056; 1, 1246; 1, 1248; 2, 107; 2, 
256; 2, 371; 2, 962; 2, 1014; 3, 1307; 3, 1812; 4, 332; 4, 
388 ; 4, 769; 4,930; 4,1109; 4,1290. Cf. Il. A, 522 év xovines 


camtecev ; Od. v, 71 ev vnl . . . . watéOevTo, ete. 


II. OF STATE OR CONDITION : 
2, 66 dnoavtes ev aion ; 2, 214 dvarropas ev Kapdroow ; cf. 
also 2, 646 ; 2,1132; 3,476; 4,1735. Cf. II. T, 20 payécac@as év 


aivn SnuotAte ; Od. 7, 360 Kaxornte Bpotol cataynpdoxKovery, ete. 


III. OF TIME: 

1, 1080 évi vuxri, cf. 3, 798; 3, 862; 4, 60; 3, 327 evi juate ; 
ef. 4, 236; 4, 1477; 4, 1500; 4, 217 evi pnvi; 4, 244 not eu. 
Cf. Il. &, 251 év vunri ; Od. p, 76 ovr év Oéper ob7 év drrépy, ete. 


IV. OF INSTRUMENT OR MEANS: 
2, 643 twerépn apetn evi Odpoos aéEw. Cf. Il. E, 386 djoav.... 
évl Secpo, cf. Od. 0, 336. 


V. 4,998 wérrov Sé Bog &t OwpHfecGar is not easy to classify. 
It may perhaps be rendered ‘they were to arm themselves (and 
take their stand) in battle.’ The Didot edition renders it ‘erant 
tamen ad proelium se armaturi.? So also Beck. Willmann has 
‘doch sollten sie noch zu dem Kampfe sich waffnen ;’ Ville de 
Mimont ‘ils devaient bient6t s’armer pour la guerre.’ 


7000. 


mpo occurs twice in Apollonius, in the simple locative sense, viz. 
1, 781 mp0 moAnos ava otiBov mev ; 2, 811 mpd adoTeos. 

Homer, too, uses it sparingly, but nearly four times as often as 
the former. There are 7 instances of apo used adverbially in our 
poet, none of tmesis. Homer has it 10 times adverbially, 8 in 
tmesis. It is rarely postponed (4 times in Homer, none in 
Apollonius). 

Besides the locative use Homer has it in a transferred sense 
equivalent to v7rép,e.g. Il. @, 57 wayeoOar .... mpo Te maid@v 


28 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


xat tpo yuvatkar, cf. Il. O, 734; also in a temporal sense, ef. Il. 
A, 50 and K, 224; Od. e, 469; €, 36; 0, 524; p, 476. 


ovr, Evyr. 


Form. ovyv is the form generally used by Apollonius, there 
being only two examples of jv. Homer has the latter form only 
9 times out of 225 occurrences. 


User. This preposition is considerably more frequent in Apol- 
lonius (once in 91.1 lines) than in his predecessor (once in 147.8 
lines). In point of frequency the Argonautica is nearer the Iliad 
(once in 138.9 lines) than the Odyssey (once in 161.4 lines), though 
not very near either. Postposition is rare in both poets (once in 
Apollonius, 8 times in Homer). The adverbial use is common in 
the Argonautica, but is not found at all in the Homeric poems. 
Tmesis, on the other hand, is markedly less frequent in the former 
(once in 1167 lines against once in 751.4 lines). 

cuv is almost the exclusive preposition in Apollonius to denote 
accompaniment, being used 64 times, dua being found but 10 times 
of pure accompaniment and werd not at all. The genitive with 
pera is avoided altogether. In this our poet is true to the Homeric 
usage which shows but 5 instances of this construction. Apollonius 
resembles the Odyssey in that the personal use of cvv predominates, 
the Iliad in that the plural predominates. The turn of phraseology 
also corresponds more to that of the Iliad, e. g. Apollonius has 
no example of adv vi, vnuvot, vnecot; on the other hand ody 
Tevyeot, ody évrect are frequent as in the Iliad. Cf. Mommsen, 
Beitrage (cited above, p. 8), p. 51. 

The uses of ovv may be classified as follows : 


I. DENOTING PURE ACCOMPANIMENT: 


1, 70 apiotynecot odv avdpacwv dppa véoro ; cf. further 1,131; 
1, 263; 1,557; 1, 754; 1, 756; 1,869; 1,888; 1,992; 2, 199; 
2, 305; 2, 458; 2, 466; 2, 563; 2, 705; 2, 815; 2, 1166; 3, 
240 ; 3, 450; 3, 703; 3, 839; 3, 869 ; 3, 1000; 3, 1164; 3, 1238: 
4,22; 4,72; 4,734; 4,793; 4, 861; 4, 1019; 4, 1039; 4,1105; 
4, 1117; 4, 1152. CE. Il. A, 227 iévar odvv aploTHEerow } Od. 8, 
518 Biuaiav’ ... OW . Meverdg, ete. 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 29 


II. ACCOMPANIMENT WITH MORE ACCESSORY NOTION OF AID: 
1, 111 ody dé of "Apyos redéev, cf. 2, 1191; 3, 589 ody Saiporr 
trespnOeinv ; 4, 822 & Kev Tpéraio Kaciyyntnot civ adrXaLs. CF. 
I]. T, 439 "evienoev ovv’’AOjvyn ; Od. v, 391 payoiuny ody coi. 


III. Denoting with, together with, in addition to: 

1, 512 hoppiyya civ auBpocin cxéOev addy ; 2,828 ody dotéw 
ivas éxepoev ; cf. also 1,617; 1, 1200; 2, 1069; 2, 1120; 3, 689; 
4,1096 ; 4,1228. Cf. Od.v,118’Odvecha.... detpav adTe civ 


Te Aiv@ Kal pyres, ete. 


IV. Denoting with, having: 

1, 241 adv revyeow diccovtas ; cf. further 1, 1059; 1, 1207; 
3, 126; 3, 176; 3, 499; 3, 862; 3,899; 3, 1197; 3, 1278; 3, 
1287; 4, 1122; 4, 1533; 4, 1589. Cf. Ll. B, 787 dyyeros FrAOe 

. ovv ayyerjin; Od. w, 193 obv peyadn apetn éexthicw 
akorw, ete. 


V. Denoting with, of means or instrument : 


2, 1224 odvv &vtect reipnOjvar. Cf. Ll. E, 220 ody evtecr 
mevpnOnvat ; I]. N, 719 ody evtect . . . . dpvavto, ete. 


VI. In 4, 1005 ody Ainrao ceXevO@ we have a usage which, 
as Mommsen (Beitriige, p. 188) observes, sounds unhomeric. This 
peculiar expression seems to mean ‘at the coming or arrival of 
Aeetes.’ The Paris edition renders it ‘ Aeete persequente;’ Beck 
* Aeete adveniente;’ Willmann ‘ bei des Kéniges spaterer Ankunft.’ 
Cf. Ville de Mimont’s note. Herwerden, Mnemosyne 11 (1883), 
p. 120, conjectures ceXevo@ comparing the formula odbv 76 vou 
and such expressions in which ovv may serve as an equivalent of xara. 


TOTAL. 

This preposition occurs twice in Apollonius, viz.: 1, 454 wod0d 
mpoTrap aiytaroio ; 4, 1286 Sodvyod mpdomap aiyadoio. Homer 
does not use it. 

mpo7(00. 

There is but one instance of this, viz.: 3, 453 mpompo 8S ap’ 

6hOarpyov. It occurs twice adverbially, viz.: 3, 1012; 4, 1233. 


30 <A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with- Homer, 


Homer has no example. He has darozpo once with a case (Il. H, 
334) and twice adverbially (Il. II, 669 and 679); Svampé three 
times with a case (Il. A, 1388; E, 281; &, 494) and 18 times 
adverbially ; wepsmpo twice adverbially. 


c / 
VUITEX. 


This preposition occurs 14 times, or over 4 times as often as in 
Homer. It is not found adverbially in either poet, but there are 
three cases of tmesis in the Odyssey. There is no instance of 
postposition in Apollonius, only one in Homer (Il. X, 146). 

Our poet uses i7ré« only in the simple local sense, except 3, 608 ; 
his predecessor has it also in a transferred sense. The examples 
in Apollonius are 1, 596 iméx mworapoto; 1,745 timex paloio ; 
1, 913; 1, 1166; 1, 1204; 2, 670; 3, 575; 3, 608; 3, 1182; 3, 
1318; 4,931; 4, 949; 4, 1222; 4, 1657. Cf. Il. A, 465 érxe 


& bréx Beréov ; Od. pw, 107 picaito o bréx Kaxod, etc. 


c f 
vu7to7tpo. 


Apollonius has one example of this preposition, viz.: 4, 178 
yOav aiév brompo Tobey duaptocero. It is not found in Homer. 


Oud. 


This preposition is very much more frequent in Apollonius 
(once in 92.6 lines) than in Homer (once in 159.8), The ratio of 
the cases is about the same in the two poets (Ap. 1.25: 1, Hom. 
1.26: 1). It is to be observed that while the gen. is more com- 
mon than the acc. in the Iliad (1.81: 1), the proportion is almost 
reversed for the Odyssey (1: 1.66). In case relation, then, the 
Argonautica is to be compared with the Iliad rather than the 
Odyssey. Postposition of 5:4 is not very common in either poet 
(once in Apollonius, 15 times in Homer), It is not used as an 
adverb at all. There are about three times as many instances of 
tmesis in Apollonius according to his bulk as in Homer. 

The prevailing use of dv@ in the Argonautica, both with the 
gen. and the acc., is the locative one, denoting space through 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 31 


which motion takes place, in which there seems to be no apparent 
difference in meaning between the two cases; whereas in prose the 
locative use of dvd is ‘confined to the gen. (cf. Monro § 215). A 
noteworthy coincidence with Homeric usage is the absence of the 
gen. with 6a to denote instrument, which is a post-Homeric con- 
struction (cf. Kiihner IT, § 434). 


Out WITH THE GEN. 


I, OF motion through or over space : 

1, 237 toav peta via 80 doteos ; 2,779 80 ’Acidos Hrreiposo 
melos &Bn ; cf. further 1, 377; 1, 789; 1, 1137; 2, 187; 2, 329; 
2, 565; 2, 686; 2, 935; 2, 1036; 3, 211; 3, 275; 3, 792; 3 
871; 3, 884; 3, 1312; 3, 1378; 4,632; 4, 847; 4, 913; 4, 966; 
4, 1458; 4, 1472; 4, 1543; 4, 1567; 4, 1662. CF. Il. A, 495 
BA Sé Sia mpopdywv ; Od. x, 118 tedye Bory bia doreos, ete. 


II. OF IMPLIED MOTION: 


1, 777 xvavéoto di Hépos dupara Oéryer ; 3, 761 dd0vn cpdtyovca 
51a xpos ; ef. also 3, 141; 3, 1357; 4, 872; 4,1169. Cf. I. T, 


263 dua Seardv.... €xyov .... lamrovs, ete. 


III. OF posrrion throughout or over : 


4, 199 of wev dua vnds .... wndotow épéccete ; 4, 1285 Si 
népos aotpa pacivor. Cf. Il. N, 519 dé ayou... . &yxos eavyer, ete. 


di& WITH THE ACC. 


I. OF motion through or over : 

1, 2 dua wétpas . . . . HrAacav’Apyo ; cf. further 1, 922; 2, 
414; 2; 422; 3, 709; 3, 1052; 4, 290; 4, 272; 4, 306; 4, 374; 
4,644; 4,647; 4, 784; 4,1000; 4,1763. Cf. Il. V, 846 wéreras 
dua Bods ; Od. €, 50 BH & tévar dua SHpal’, ete. 


II. OF TIME: 

1, 518 dua xvédas ; cf. 1, 651; 1, 1255; 2, 155; 2, 729; 2, 
1287; 3, 1861; 4, 70; 4, 1069; 2, 42 dca vinta; of. 4, 868. 
The phrase dca vixra is common in Homer, cf. Il. B, 57; K, 41; 


32 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


0, 363; Od. 1, 404; 0, 8, ete. It is found chiefly in the Odyssey 
and books 10 and 24 of the Iliad (cf. Monro § 215). Cf. also Il. 
B, 40 d:a xpatepas topivas ‘lasting through hard fights’ cited 
by Monro. 


III. Causau denoting ‘ owing to? 
1,423 ony dca pre ; ef. 2,75. Cf. Il. A, 72 jv 81a pavtoodvny; 
Od. 6, 520 vwuxjoa.... dua... . "AOnvnp, ete. 


XATO. 


xara is considerably less frequent in Apollonius (once in 67.06 
lines) than in Homer (once in 42.5 lines). In both poets the ace. 
greatly predominates, but much more so in Homer (8.6 times the 
gen.) especially in the Odyssey (14.05 times the gen.). There are 
only two instances of postposition in Apollonius against 34 in his 
predecessor. «ard is not used as an adverb in either poet. Tmesis 
is much less frequent in the Argonautica (once in 530.4 lines) than 
in the Homeric poems (once in 132.4 lines). 


xaTa WITH THE GEN. 


The two most common uses of cata with the gen. are to denote 
motion down from, and motion down on. It also in a few cases 
denotes position down in, beneath, a use which is seldom found 


(cf. Kiihner IT, § 433 IT). 


I. OF MOTION : 

1) down from: 

1, 565 «ad & adtod Niva yeday ; 1, 1261 cata cpotddov.... 
ispws «yxcev, cf. also 2, 286 ; 2, 429; 3, 70; 3, 1264; 4, 34; 4, 
444; 4, 510; 4, 688; 4, 911; 4, 1594; 4, 1600; 4,1704. Cf. 
Il. P, 438 xara Brehdpwv yaydd.s pée ; Od. 7, 190 nad 5é rapevov 
ddxpvor, ete. 

2) down on: 

3, 1021 car’ ovde0s Gupar’ Eperdor, cf. also 4, 158; 4, 654; 4, 
1523. Cf. D. TP, 217 cara yOovds éupatra myntas; Ul. &, 172 
éOnxe kat dy¥Ons ... . &yyos, ete. 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 33 


3) Toward a point, of landing with a ship: 

4, 315 inpod vyncoto Kat axpotarns évéorTo ‘ they landed high up 
toward the extreme end of the island.’ Beck ‘altius ad summam 
insulam tendebant procul;’ Willmann ‘hoch nun steuerte die 
Schar an dem dusersten Ende des Eilands fern.’ Ville de Mimont 
‘vers la partie supérieure de Vile.’ Sophocles El. 1433 has Bare 


Rs 5 7 
Kat avtTiOvpov. 


II. OF posiTIon down in, beneath: 

1, 155 vépOe kata yOoves aiyafecOar ; 4, 1326 cata vydtos.... 
dhépouca, cf. 4, 1352; 4, 13871. ‘This use is not found-in Homer, 
seldom elsewhere (Kiihner II, § 433, I, c). Eur. Heracl. 1003 
has del Keicowat xara yOoves ; Hipp. 836 70 cata yas Kvédas. 


xaTH WITH THE ACC. 

I. OF MOTION: 

1) beneath: 

4,964 xara BévOos....ddvov. Cf. Il. Z, 1386 dtaeP dros Kata 
Koya, ete. 

2) through, over: 

1, 2 Tlovrowo Kata otdpa Kal dia métpas .... jracav Apya, 
ef. 4,°1000. It is not easy to distinguish xara from 6:4 here. 
The Paris edition renders ‘in ostium et per rupes,’ but 4, 1000 
‘per ostium et per rupes ;’ so Beck ; Willmann ‘ durch des Pontos 
Entmiindungen zwischen den dunkeln Felsen.’ Cf. Od. y, 40 
Kata adotv bia odhéas; 1,371 ocKdmrov .... Kat evdpos; CF. 
further 1, 372; 1,575; 2,824; 2, 1037; 3,113; 3,411; 3, 534; 
3, 809; 3, 873; 3, 1237; 3, 1241; 3, 1335; 4, 363; 4, 1319. 
Cf Il. A, 276 épyopevov vara TOVTOV ; Od. o, 1 kata aotv 
TTWYEVETK , etc, 

3) over or through without motion sre Fa 

1, 247 &s dadcay .... kata wrodw ; cf. also 1, 621; 3, 1053; 
3, 1217 ; 3, 13382; 3, 13853; 4,968. Cf. Il. B, 803 wodAol.... Kar 


dotu.... émixoupot, Od. 1,120 Ka? trv GrAxyea Tacxovew, etc. 


II. OF PLACE: 
1, 299 xara Oupor avidfovea ; 2,111 odta.... Kata NaTrdpny ; 
ef. also 1, 429; 1, 974; 1, 1258; 2, 499; 2, 773; 2, 994; 3, 
4 | 


34 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


168; 3,176; 3, 324; 3, 639; 3, 684; 3, 753; 3, 777; 8, 926; 
4,145; 4, 414; 4, 473; 4, 1066; 4, 1216; 4, 1645; 4, 1769. 
Cf. Il. A, 716 TvAov cata Nadv ayepev ; Od. 8, 46 wékev.... 
Sapa Ka’, ete. 


III. OF Firness, ‘ according to’: 

1, 8 éreny kata Bakw ; 1, 333 Kata Koopov; cf. further 1, 382; 
1, 660; 1, 839; 1, 1210; 2, 756; 2, 1162; 3, 189; 3, 552; 3, 
1040; 4, 360; 4, 480; 4, 887. Cf. Il. A, 286 xara potpav ; Od. 
y, 138 kata Kdcpor, ete. . 


ITV. DiIstTRIBvurTIvVELY : 


1, 358 memdraybe kata Kridas éperud; 2, 999 Kexpipevar 
cata dora. Cf. Il. B, 362 cara ddra; B, 366 xara odéas, ete. 


¢ / ¢ / 
UILED, UILELD. 


Form. The form dzreép is found in but four instances in Apol- 
lonius in the phrase dzrelp ada (1, 236; 1, 918; 3, 1071; 4, 299). 
Homer has vzreép only 5 times. 


Use. Apollonius uses this preposition over twice as frequently 
as his predecessor. The gen. preponderates over the acc. in nearly 
the same degree in both poets (Argonautica 1.9, Homeric poems 1.6). 
In the Odyssey especially is the preponderance of the gen. notice- 
able (2.3 times the acc.). w7rép is postponed even more times than 
in all Homer (Ap. 12, Hom.10). It is not found asa pure adverb 
in either poet. Apollonius has two examples of tmesis, Homer none. 

brép has as its proper meaning over, hence it is used both of 
position and of motion over anything, and metaphorically over as 
a protection, and so in defense of, in behalf of. 


ump WITH THE GEN. 


I. OF PLACE: 


1) Of position over, above, beyond : 


1,776 Sdpuev brep avtérXovra ; 1,940 Keivtas § brép SSaros 5 ; 
ef. ea 95; 2,103; 2,108; 2, 171; 2,362; 2,398; 2,580; 2, 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 35 


1087; 4, 139; 4, 1269; 4, 1348; 4, 1576; 4, 1624. CF Il. B, 
20 off & ap brép Keharis ; Od. 8, 68, etc. 

2) Of motion over, above, across : 

1, 1084 imép .. . . Kapnatos .... mwTaT adrxkvovis ; 2, 271 
bmép twovroto hépovto ; cf. also 2,585; 38,1112; 3, 1362; 4, 1424; 
4,1691. Cf. Il. O, 382 vos brrép toiywv KatraBnoerat ; Od. p, 


575 tov 8 bmép ovd00 Barta, ete. 


II. In behalf of, for the sake of : 

2, 636 éfs Wuxhs aréyov trep; 4, 380 drnv od... . Sear 
tmep.... d0TrAnow; 4, 406 Hoa dépovev brrép céo. Cf. Il. A, 444 
éxaTtouBny péEat b7rép Aavadr, ete. 


III. About, concerning, with verbs of learning, asking, ete., 
like wrepé: 

4, 531 wevodpevos .... THOS brép avTHs vavtirins; 4, 1175 
éepéwv xovpys tmep. Cf. Il. Z, 524 60 brrép céOev aicye axovw 
mpos Tpoawv. wmép céOev here, however, is regarded by some as 
equivalent to twa causa, so Dindorf in Steph. Thesaurus. This 
construction did not become frequent till the time of the orators 
(cf. Kiihner IT, § 435, I, 2, e). 


TV. In prayer like wpés with the gen. : 


3, 701 Alicoow’ brrép paxdpowv. Cf. Il. O, 660 AicoeP irép 
toxéwy ; Od. 0, 261 Aiccow brép Ovéwv Kal Saipovos, ete. 


u7ép WITH THE ACC. 


I. OF PLACE: 


1) Denoting motion over beyond : 

1, 236 brelp dra vavtirreoOa ; cf. 1, 918; 4, 299; 1, 568 
vrép Sorrynv Ogov a&xpny ; cf. further 3, 198; 3, 219; 3, 1071; 
3, 1191; 4, 1692. Cf. Il. E, 16 drrép apov.... AAV axoxn ; 
Od. v, 63 brép oddov éBrycero, ete. 

2) Of position : 

1, 599 KrXtrea TladrAnvata .... bwép axpynv ; 2, 3878 varerdovaer 

. uTép akpnv ; 4, 307 brrép adyéva yains. Homer uses the 
gen, in such cases. 





36 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


II. Beyond, contrary to: 

1, 1030 bmép popor, cf. 4, 20; 4, 1252 bép.... aicar. 

These expressions are found in Homer, ef. []. 1, 59; Z, 487; 
II, 780; P, 321; T, 30 and 336; ®, 517; Od. a, 34 and 35; 
e, 436. 


OLEX. 


Apollonius differs markedly from Homer in the frequency of 
this preposition, using it 21 times (11 with gen. 10 with ace.), 
whereas the latter has it only 12 times, all in the Odyssey with 
one exception (IJ. O, 124) and wholly with the gen. Apollonius 
uses it once adverbially, Homer not at all. 


Ouéx WITH THE GEN. 


1, 1157 8:a£ dards; cf. 1, 1328; 2, 351; 2, 806; 2, 644 Bute 
"Atdao BepéOpor ; cf. further 2, 746; 2, 752; 3, 158; 3, 887; 3, 
915; 4,161. Cf. Il. O, 124 dsée mpoOvpov; Od. x, 388 diéx 
peyapovo, etc. 


Ovéx WITH THE ACC. 


1, 1014 dsé& adds ofdua, cf. 4, 457; 4, 657; 2, 560 duéx wétpas, 
ef. 2,618; 4, 304; 4, 858; 4, 961; 2, 622 dcéx wéraryos ; 3, 73 


duéx Tpoanés .. . . VOwp. 
TAPER. 


Apollonius uses this preposition, too, much oftener than his 
predecessor (11 times to his 10). In Homer the accusative greatly 
preponderates over the gen. (gen. 2, ace. 8), whereas in the Argo- 
nautica the gen. almost equals the acc. (gen. 5, ace. 6). Apollonius 
postpones zrapéx once, Homer not at all. The former has 6 exam- 
ples of the adverbial use, the latter 8 (chiefly in the Odyssey). 


TLALPEX WITH THE GEN. 


1, 1315 wapé« peydrouo Acos, cf. also 2, 344; 2, 975; 3, 742; 
4,550. Cf. Il. K, 349 wapéé 0806 ; Od. 1, 116 rapéx Aipévos, ete. 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 37 


MLApEx WITH THE ACC. 


1, 130 wrapéx voor, cf. 1,323; 4, 102 ; 2,341 mapéeE éua Bechara ; 
ef. further 2, 1012; 2,1115. Cf. Il. K, 391 wapé« védov ; Od. pw, 
276 mrapeE tiv vicor, etc. 


Out. 


This preposition is much more frequent in Apollonius (one in 
84.5 lines) than in Homer (one in 123.5 lines). The Argonautica 
is to be compared with the Iliad (99.3) rather than the Odyssey 
(180.7). Noteworthy is the overdoing of the gen. (11 examples 
to Homer 2). The gen. with audi is rare in classic Greek outside 
Pindar.’ dydi is postponed slightly more often in the Argonautica 
(6 times or 8.7 per cent.) than in the Homeric poems (16 times or 
7.1 per cent.). It is used as an adverb much oftener in the former 
(once in 364.7 lines) than in the latter (once in 434.4 lines), On 
the other hand tmesis is less common in the former (once in 729.4 
lines) than in the latter (once in 414.9 lines). 


3 / 
aupt WITH THE GEN. 


I. Denoting about, for, for the sake of : 

1, 120 ris & audi Sinv éuoynce Bapetay ; 1, 1150 Sait’ apgi 
Ges Yéoay; ef. also 1, 1214; 1, 13843; 2, 89; 2, 687; 2, 971; 
3.1100; 4, 491; 4, 1469. 

The two examples in Homer are Il. II, 825 udyeoOov ridaxos 
app oruyns ; Od. 0, 267 aeidewv dud ”Apeos pirornTOs. 


II. In entreaty like mpos: 

2, 216 DoiBov 7 audi Kal adris elvexev”Hpns Nicooua. This 
is the only example in Apollonius. Homer furnishes no parallel. 
Suchier? cites Eur. Suppl. 280 ofeticas audi téxvev pw’ ixétar. 


1 Pindar has 6 ex. with the gen., 38 with the dat., 15 with the acc. 
* Animadversiones de dicendi genere, quo Ap. Rh. poeta in Argonauticis usus 
est, 1862, p. 18. 


5 


38 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


dui WITH THE DAT. 


I. OF PLACE: 

1) Of definite local relation : 

1, 221 audi Sé vdtos ... . Sovéovto... . Eerpar ; 1, 721 aud’ 
a@poot Oeas Tprtwvidos épyor ; cf. also 1, 1033; 1, 1142; 1, 1306 ; 
1, 1327; 2, 680; 2, 703; 2, 733; 3, 187; 3, 1281; 3, 1385; 
4,136; 4, 957; 4, 1061. 

This category is common in Homer, e. g. Il. T', 328 aud’ dporow 
€dvceto ; Od. 7, 174 OK adi ornbecar, etc. 

2) Of less definite local relation : 

1, 618 épparcay axoitas aud evv7n ; 2,838 audi dé endein véexvos 
pévov ; 4,731 dca 7 audi Boots éuoynoay aéOro1s. Of. TF, 362 
apd & dp ait@ (dare) .. . . Suatpudev Exmece yetpos ; Od. 
6, 434 audi mupt oticas tpimoéa. This use is common in 
Pindar, ef. I, 1, 50; N, 8, 42; P, 5, 119, ete. 


TI. Of cause, about, for, for the sake of - 

1, 747 audi 5 Bovoly .... papvavto ; 3, 318 broddeioas apd 
orédw ; of. also 3, 459; 4, 575; 4, 1029. Cf Il. T, 70 ape’ 
“Erévn cal xtnpact maou waxyerOar; Od. 8, 153 ewoyncey apd’ 
éyuoi, ete. 


IIT. About, concerning, with verbs of learning, saying, ete. : 

3, 678 édans .... évirrnv audi T éuol Kal Taciv ; 4, 356 Tiva 
THvde cuvapTivacbe pevownv aud éuot; 4, 1331 audi 8 vooT@ 
OUT’... . voem haTuv. 

This use of audi in Homer is confined mostly to the Odyssey, 
as is the case with wepé with the gen. with such verbs (cf. below 
p. 53) Ebeling cites 10 examples, only 3 of which are in the Iliad. 
Cf. Il. II, 647 audi dove... . weppnpifov ; Od. 6, 151 apd’ 
’Odvo7je uveduny, ete. 


TV. In the following examples ay¢i is used in various relations 
rather adverbially than as a preposition : 

2,96 6 8 aud odvvn ydé jpurrev ‘he fell on his knees in pain’ 
(i. e. with pain all over him), cf. Il. E, 68 yok & épim’ oiwoéas in 
which ofuw£as expresses an idea similar to dud’ oduvyn; 3, 117 aud’ 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 39 


dotpayddouce . . . . éxpidwyTo ‘ they were playing with dice’ (the 
prep. is locative, ‘they were enjoying themselves around the dice’). 
Homer Il. VY, 88 has the same prepositional phrase dud’ aotpayd- 
oot With yorwbeis. The verb éyrapaz occurs again in Apollo- 
nius, viz. 1, 458 rapa Sacti Kat oiv@ TepTrvads érrdwvTat, followed 
by a locative prepositional phrase rather than an instrumental dative. 
In 3, 623 audi Boecow ... . adeOrevovca and 4, 364-5 apdi Te 
Bovolv apdi Te ynyevécoow avaTAnoevas aéOXovs we have a note- 
worthy use of audi with a verb or expression of contending. It 
is difficult to translate the preposition otherwise than as equivalent 
to Latin cum. So Beck translates 4, 364—5, ‘cum tauris et cum 
gigantibus perficeres certamina.’ Strictly, however, audi is not 
equivalent to cum. Here again it is locative and rather adver- 
bial than prepositional. And so Willmann translates ‘bei den 
Stieren und bei den Erdegeborenen die Kampfarbeiten vollendet.’ 


> / 
G@upt WiTH THE ACC. 


I. OF PLACE: 

1,427 audi pétwrra mAHEY ; 1, 843 audi Se tovye venvides... . 
etAiooorTo ; cf. also 1, 813; 1, 883; 1, 1178; 1, 1184; 1, 1248; 
2,376; 2,452; 2, 516; 2,767; 2, 850; 3, 121; 3, 461; 3, 633; 
3, 761; 3, 881; 3, 1215; 4, 44; 4, 585; 4, 550; 4, 1277; 4, 1347; 
4, 1452; 4, 1609. Cf. Il. A, 409 aud’ ara roar; Od. ¢, 63 


oréos aul medvxer, ete. 


II. Causal, for, in quest of : 
4, 51-2 adrapévn api te vexpovs, audi te Svomareas pitas 
x9oves. era is usually used in this sense, cf. below, p. 50. 


IIL. Of time: 
3, 424 audi mordv ....~xpdvov. Homer furnishes no example. 
This use is found mostly in poetry, especially Pindar (Kiihner II, 
§ 437), cf. O, 2, 52 tov 6rov audi ypovor, ete. 
ava. 


Form. Apollonius uses the form avd everywhere, except 11 
instances of du (before labials) and one of dy. Homer has avd 
171 times, ap 13, dy 41, 


40 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


Use. In the excessive use of dvd by Apollonius (once in 112.2 
lines) in comparison with Homer (once in 182.9 lines) we have 
another instance of overdoing for the sake of poetic effect. dvd is 
usually followed only by the accusative case, but in epic and lyric 
poetry and the lyric parts of tragedy it is found sometimes with 
the dative (Kiihner IT, § 433, 1). The gen. oceurs only in Homer 
in three passages in the Odyssey exclusively of going on board ship, 
viz. 8, 416 ; 4,177; 0, 284 (cf. Kriiger 68, 20, 1; Monro § 209.) 
The dative also is rare in Homer, there being only 9 examples 
(Il. 6; Od. 3) and always with the meaning wp on an elevation. 
Apollonius postpones avd but once (1, 308), Homer 14 times. 
Tmesis is more frequent in the former (once in 307.1 lines) than 
in the latter (once in 391.6 lines). avd is used twice as an adverb 
in Homer (Il. 2, 562; Od. w, 343), not at all in the Argonautica. 


Gvd& WITH THE DAT. 


2, 701 ava dcrd0a pnpia Boye xaiov. This, however, is rather 
a case of tmesis. The examples in Homer are Il. A 15 and 374 
ava oxnttpe ; ©, 441 du Bopoior; B, 352 ava Tapydp@ apo, 
ef. O, 152; %, 177 ava cxororecat ; Od. X, 128 ava... . ope, 
ef. Ww, 275; w, 8 ava T addAHANoW. Cf. also Pindar P. 1, 6; O, 
1, 42; Aesch. Suppl. 350; Eur. Iph, Aul. 754; 1058; El. 466. 


avd WITH THE ACC, 


I. OF motion through a place, less often through or among a 
number of persons :” 


1These however are rather instances of tmesis. Cf, Od. a, 210 and Ameis- 
Hentze’s note. Hermann, Opusc. V, p. 38 makes the following distinction 
between avd and émi in this use: sed vero etiam sic fieri potest, ut quis ex altiore 
navi in minorem discendens én’ aurjs Balvew dicatur. Sed ava vnds Batvew dicitur, 
qui ex loco depressiore in navem adscendit, ut deinde in ea consistat. Giseke 
(referred to above p. 24) compares the opposite 67 5¢ kar’ ’OAdvuroio Kaphver, 
Il. A, 44. 

* Bury, The Isthmian Odes of Pindar, 1892, Appendix p. 178 attempts to make 
a distinction—founded on Hermann Opusc. V, p. 41—between avd and xard 
denoting motion through or in space. He formulates his distinction as follows: 
“aya with the acc. expresses motion through or in space; and implies method, or 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 4] 


1, 308 eiow .... Afrov av nyabény ; 1, 310 ava rrnOdv 
dnpov Kiev ; cf. also 1, 812; 1, 1292; 2, 590; 3, 166; 3, 685; 
3, 748; 3, 823; 4, 1110; 4, 1172; 4, 1177; 4, 1279; 4, 1440. 
Cf. Il. I, 395 eiciv av’ ‘EXrdéa ; Od. y, 474 jryov ava mpobvpov 
Te Kal avAny, ete. With collective nouns it is confined mostly to 
the Iliad (Monro), as ava otpatov Il. A, 10; av’ éuirov E, 528, 
ete. ava Shor oceurs in Od. B, 291; 7, 73 and 273. 


II. Of motion along : 

1, 527 ava pécony creipay.... hppoce, cf. 4,580; 1, 781 ava 
otiBov nev, cf. 4,47; cf. also 2,168; 2, 516; 2, 825; 3, 1283; 
4, 43; 4, 633; 4, 974. Cf Il. K, 339 BA p av odov; EB, 87 


Odve .... dp mrediov, ete. 


III. Of motion over space : 

2,500 ava .... yaiav.... mveiovow, cf. 2, 998; 2, 697 ava 
vncov édiveov ; cf. also 2, 810; 2, 1086; 2, 1091; 4, 231; 4, 1382; 
4,1536. Cf. Il. V, 321 ava Spoor ; Od. ¢, 330 dy médayos, ete. 


IV. Of motion to or up to a place much like éwi: 

1, 838 cis. ... ava mrorw, cf. 3, 573; 3, 136% ava yeipa 
NaPov (taking into his hand); 4, 115 é8ycav.... ava yopov. 
Cf. Od. y, 77 &Oopev & ava dor ‘in urbem,’ durius dicta 
videntur (Ebeling). This is the only example in Homer. 


some definite aim governing the direction of the motion. For example, the 
guiding motive might be to reach the farther side of the space indicated, or to 
traverse the whole space exhaustively. «ard with the acc. also expresses motion 
through or in space; but the motion is not defined as continuous or methodical. 
To illustrate, in I]. fr, 245 the herald ‘ bent on business’ goes ava &orv; walking 
at random in the streets would be xara &orv. A beggar wandering aimlessly 
about town is said mrwyevew xara &orv, but when he methodically visits every 
house he is said rrwxevew ava dorv.”” However the case may be for Homer, I 
am unable to persuade myself that Apollonius felt any such distinction to exist 
between the two prepositions. In 1, 812 unrépes &u wrorleOpoy arnucréws GAdAHYTO 
there is no ‘method’ or ‘definite aim ;’ on the other hand in 3, 411 rovs éAdw 
(evias orupeAhy xara veloy there is ‘definite aim.’ Again in 3, 748 ovdé xuvadv 
tAakh é7° ava wréAw we have ava where Apollonius should have used xard if he 
had felt the above distinction. Cf. Giseke (referred to above p. 24) p. 93 who 
notes this citing Hermann. 


42 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


V. OF DIRECTION towards: 

2, 363 du wéXayos TeTpappéevn. Cf. Il. T, 212 ava mpobupov 
TeTpappévos ‘conversus in vestibulum’ (Ebeling) ; ‘durch die Thiir 
hin gewendet’ (Ameis-Hentze). 


VI. Of motion wpon like ézi: 
1, 528 ava cédpata Barres, cf. 4, 885; 3,44 foro... . ava 
Opovov. Cf. Il. K, 466 Ojxev ava pupixny ; Od. y, 492 ava & 


_ Gppata.... €Bacvor, ete. 


VII. With various verbs implying eatent over space : 

1,127 hépBeto.... du péya tidos ; 1, 11380 ava oméos.... 
éBrdortnoev ; cf. also 1, 166; 1, 825; 2,998; 2, 1018; 4, 996; 
4, 1338; 4,1359; 4,1742. Cf. Ll. A, 570 dyAncav & ava ddpa ; 
Od. &, 286 ayepa ypnuat av’ Aiyurrtious avdpas. 


emt. 


This preposition is considerably more frequent in Apollonius 
(one in 19.3 lines) than in Homer (one in 24.8 lines). The Iliad 
and Odyssey have ézi nearly equally often. The dative pre- 
ponderates over the other two cases in the Argonautica (gen. : dat. : 
ace.:: 1: 4.16: 1.7) in a greater degree than in Homer as a whole 
(1 : 3.31: 2.51) but less than in the Iliad (1: 5.96: 3.73). In the 
Odyssey the dative and accusative are nearly balanced (1: 1.78: 
1.81). Apollonius postpones ézi less than his predecessor (31 
times or 10.2 per cent. to his 142 or 12.6 per cent.). Tmesis is 
found about equally often in the two poets (Ap. one in 132.6 
lines; Hom. one in 134.3). The adverbial use is not common 
(4 examples in the former, 21 in the latter). 

The local use of éi is the most common one with all three 
cases, especially with the dative. 


émi WITH THE GEN. 


I. OF PLACE: 

1) with verbs of rest, on or upon: 
1,320 off .... ei mrpoporys; 2, 203 nabélero . .. . ovdod 
ér avneioto ; cf. also 2, 406; 3, 202; 3, 455; 4, 1830, and with- 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 43 


out verb expressed 2, 259; 3, 573; 4,516; 4,671. Cf. Il. 3, 
157 én’ dxpotatns Kopudijs .... "dns jyevov ; Od. a, 162 Keiperv’ 
€m nTreipou, ete. 

2) with other verbs, of position, locality upon : 

1, 444 Oavéew .... ém’’ Acidos nreipoo ; 1, 658 aryewv emi vos ; 
ef. also 1,182; 2,211; 2, 401; 2,916; 2, 1058; 2, 1187; 2, 1254; 
3, 880; 3, 930; 4, 954; 4, 1318; 4, 1357. Cf. Il. E, 550 éri 
vnov.... émécOnv; Ll. 0, 356 hdevywpev ed’ trap, ete. 

3) with verbs of motion or implying motion (terminus ad quem) : 

1,29 axris .... Ome... . oTvydwow ; 1, 784 émi yOovds 
Oupat épeicas; cf. also 1, 1237; 2,550; 2,631; 2,685; 3, 22; 
3,199; 3, 225; 3, 569; 3, 683; 4, 78; 4, 514; 4, 578; 4, 660; 
4, 939; 4,1576; 4, 1584; 4,1661. Cf. 1. 1, 293 caréOnnev eri 
xGoves ; Od. r, 534 esi vnos EBawver, ete. 


II. OF TIME: 

2, 782 émi LpudXao xacuyvjtovo Oavovtos juetépov Mucoicw 
tm avdpdow ... . aOrebov Titinv amexaivuvto muypayéovta. 
Suchier’ p. 17 cites here Aesch. Agam. 1548 tis & émutvpBuos 

2. POE AEA \ / / ” \ a acy N 
aivos ém avopi Oeiw ... . Tovycer; 3, 918 ovTw Tis Tolos ert 
mpotépwv yéeveT avopov. Cf. Il. E, 637 él rpotépay avOporor ; 
B, 797 éz’ eipnyys, ete. 


émi WITH THE DAT. 


I. OF PLACE: 

1) of rest or position on, at, or near: 

1, 86 yeivato... . ép Bdacw ; 1, 219 é axpordroior Todav 
....oeov.... WTépuyas ; cf. also 1, 54; 1,178; 1, 297; 1, 309; 
1, 329; 1,365; 1,376; 1, 435; 1, 453; 1,497; 1,537; 1, 549; 
1, 554; 1, 566; 1, 730; 1,946; 1,1120; 1, 1321; 2, 5; 2, 104; 
2,285; 2, 357; 2, 365; 2,366; 2, 481; 2,487; 2,496; 2, 505; 
2,658; 2,735; 2,972; 2, 1103; 2,1148; 2, 1273; 5,67; 3,167; 
3, 218; 3, 235; 3,444; 3, 679; 3, 708; 3, 803; 3, 875; 3, 877; 
3, 1056; 3, 1158; 3,1159; 3,1227; 3, 1284; 3, 1334; 3, 1393; 
4,85; 4,172; 4, 251; 4, 523; 4, 605; 4, 615; 4, 691; 4, 717; 
4,955; 4,971; 4,1158; 4, 1173; 4, 1225; 4, 1272; 4, 1298; 


1 Cited above p. 37. 


44 <A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


4, 1309; 4, 1403; 4, 1503; 4, 1555; 4, 1595; 4, 1613; 4, 1658. 
Cf. Il. X, 465 éorn .... émi teiyes; Od. B, 414 emi vm 
xaTtbecay, etc. 

2) with verbs of motion or implying motion : 

1, 260 ayopevov éri mpoporzoe xiovrav ; 1, 517 emi Te yAo- 
aonot xéovto ; ef. also 1, 1004; 1, 1194; 2, 69; 2, 90; 2, 92; 
2,112; 2, 220; 2, 430; 3, 1022; 3, 1033; 3, 1286; 4, 44; 
4,124; 4, 187; 4, 493; 4, 902; 4, 938; 4, 952; 4, 1197; 
4, 1404; 4, 1565; 4, 1665. Cf Il. A, 88 él y@ovi dSepKxopéevoro ; 
Od. 1, 150 é« d€ Kai adToi Bier éri pyypin, ete. 

3) in hostile sense, against : 

1, 425 ra 8 émi Bovoly fSwcacOny ; 1, 1025 eri oduct yelpas 
dewpav ; cf. also 2, 1038; 3,276; 3, 284; 3, 742; 3, 1351; 4,7; 
4,448; 4, 462; 4,1101; 4,1669. Cf. Il. EB, 124 éme Tpwecor 
payerOa ; Od. x, 214 apunOnoar er’ avdpacu, ete. 

4) in addition to, besides : 

1, 811 Kopat yApai 7 eri trHow . . . . dXadnVTO; 1, 1046 emi 
toiaw €rev Opacdy “Idupovqa; cf. also 3, 125; 3,178; 4, 447; 
4,1188. Cf. Il. I, 639 dvr re worn errt THow ; Od. w, 277, ete. 


II. OF CONDITION, ATTENDANT CIRCUMSTANCES : 


1, 252 od & éréXeooas ém’ aydain Bioroco ‘ thou hast not finished 
thy life with joy ;’ 1, 422 Avoais . . . . er’ amrnpov poipn Tei-- 
opata ‘may I loose my cables with harmless destiny ;’ 1, 514 
TpovyovtTo Kapnva .... opOoiow er ovacwy ‘leaned forward their 
heads with eager ears;’ 1, 652 weicpata vnos éXvoay ert Tron 
Bopéao; cf. 1, 1013; 2, 205 aBrAnypa & ei nébpate Kerr 
avavbéos ‘sank down speechless in a languid stupor ;’ 4, 411 ype 
yap aeckeriovow er’ Epyows Kal TOO pnTticacOat ‘in sorry circum- 
stances one must devise a sorry expedient also.’ Schol. és yap 
Tois Kakois.... Kaka det Bovrevec Oar ; 4,711 Kaiev ex’ evywrgot 
“accompanied by prayer ;’ 4, 1305 avnvict@ én’ aé0r@ ; 4, 1455 
Svepois eat yeineow eimev. Cf. Ll. A, 175 xespévov ev Tpoin 
aTerevTnTo@ ert épyo ; Od. w, 111 avnvicte eri Epyq, ete. 


III. Denoting in the power of, dependence upon: 
3, 713 ai yap Oderrev Eurredov elvar em’ Gupt Teovs vinas 
épvcGat ; 4, 545 Koipavéovtos er’ odpvar NavowOooro. 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 45 


The nearest Homeric approach to this is the expression Gea év 
yowvact xeiras Il. P, 514; Od. a, 267, ete. 


ITV. WitrH VERB OF FEELING: 
3, 405 e¢cOrois .... ear avdpaow ovts peyaipo. Cf, Il. B, 270 


er avto .... yédaooav; Od. o, 414 ere pnOévte Sixaio... 
xanrerraivor ; Od. y, 412 ody ooin xrapévoiow er avdpdow evyera- 
aca. Kriiger § 68, 41, 8 says “selten findet she haiis dem dat, 
bei verben der gefiihle und verwandter duserungen.” 


V. OF TIME: 


1) particular points of time : 

1, 9384 ere vueti; 2, 453 em quate. Cf. 2, 475; 2, 633; 
2, 662; 2, 947; 4,977. The temporal use of ¢7ri with the dative 
is mostly poetic and in late prose (Kiihn. II, § 438, II, 2). This 
use occurs in Homer in the phrase ¢7 jars (some 7 times), and 
once in the phrase éat vu«ri (Il. @, 529). Herodotus has é 
nuepyn éxaorn 2,168; 4,112; 5,53; 5,117; ear apépny éExaaorny 
2, 149 (cf. Kriiger § 68, 41, 5). 

2) of succession, like wera with the acc. 

1,40 Adpicay 8 ert roiot Nirroy ; cf. further 1,53; 1, 86; 
1; 90; 1,95; 1,.115; 1,.179;-1, 190; I, 740; 1,.9382; 2, 81; 
2, 379; 2, 397; 2, 398; 2, 654; 2, 792; 2, 955; 2, 1017; 
2, 1044; 2, 1247; 4, 564; 4,570; 4, 1274; 4, 1632. Cf Il, @, 
262 rotor 8 em’ Aiavtes ; Od. n, 120 dyyvn ea’ dyyvn ynpdcxer, 
prov & ert unr, ete. 


VI. Causar: 

1, 286 © éme ToAAny ayrainv.... éyov; cf. also 1, 287; 
1, 612; 2, 860; 3, 28; 3, 143; 3, 643; 3, 692; 3, 1254; 4, 8; 
4,994; 4,995; 4, 1087; 4, 1495. Cf. Il. I, 492 eae cot pdra 
movre aor ; Od. oc, 414, ete. 


VII. OF PURPOSE or END: 

4, 1294 oiktiot@ Cavate@ ém ‘awaiting a pitiable death ;’ ‘ad 
tristissimum mortem’ (Beck); 4, 1430 péya maprav ed’ tyeré- 
povow dverap Sedp Euorev xaparoow ‘great aid for our troubles 
has come hither ;’ 4, 1547 xéxrer’’ Amor vos TpiTro0ba péyay.... 


46 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


Saipmocty eyyevérars vooTw err wetda béc-Oax ‘ to consecrate Apollo’s 
mighty tripod to the gods of that land as a propitiation for their 
return.’ Cf. Il. E, 154 viov & od Téxer adXov emi KTEedTETct 
Autrég Oar ; Od. o, 44, Tas & eari Sdpmw KaTbéueba, ete. 


VIII. The following examples are not easy to classify : 


2,1285 twWobe vf? exérevcev ea evvainow épicca: ‘he com- 
manded them to moor the ship in deep water at her anchors,’ ‘auf 
hoch wallendem Wasser das Schiff vor Anker zu legen’ (Will- 
mann), in alto navem iussit ancoris stabiliri’ (Beck), él trav 
ayKup@v éXxvoat Tals ayxipats opuioas (Schol.). Cf. Il. B, 77 
inps & ea’ ebvawv oppiccopuer, also Od. 6, 785; 1, 1387; 3, 497 
él Totow édieto verov apooca ‘to plough a field with the bul- 
locks’ (i. e. in command of them, with them in subjugation). Of. 
Od. v, 209 ds ww’ ert Bovoiv cic’; similarly Il. Z, 25 crowpaiver 
& én decor. 


émi WITH THE ACC. 


I, OF PLACE: 


1) with verbs of motion : 

(a) wpon, of embarking : 

1, 523 Bawépevar 7 ert vna ; cf. 1, 910; 2,933; 4, 885 Baivor 
eri KAnioas. 

Homer uses the gen. with evi of embarking e. g. Il. N, 665; 
Od. 8, 817; @, 500; A, 534; &, 357; 0, 547; +7, 238, or eariBai- 
veww with the simple gen. cf. Il. ©, 512; Od. 6, 708; «, 101; », 
319. Cf. Ameis-Hentze on Od. a, 211. 

(5) to, up to: 

1, 832 emt via Kor ; cf. also 1, 849; 1, 872; 1, 881; 1, 925; 
i; 1298 ; 2,295; 2, 371; 2, 404; 2, 677 ; 2, 814; 2, 835 ; 3, 36 ; 
3, 826; 3, 1165; 3, 1318 ; 3, 1345 ; ri 165; 4, 631 ; 4, 618; 
4,1761; 4,1773. Cf. Il. A 440 ésri Bapov ayor ; Od. x, 55, ete. 

(c) agamst : 

2, 71 cipa....émi via xoptocera. Cf. Ll. N, 101, ete. 

(d) upon: 

2, 975 écrit yaiay inor; cf. also 3, 13873; 4, 1046; 4, 1516; 
4,1534. Cf. Il. A, 350; Od. y, 2, ete. 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 47 


(e) over: 

1, 424 ert wovtrov erevaopc® ; cf. also 1, 661; 3, 743; 3, 891; 
8, 1054; 4, 183; 4,1318. Cf. Il. I, 360; Od. 8, 364, etc. 

2) denoting direction: 

1, 631 wadmrawop ert TAaTUV 6upace TrovTov ; ef. further 1, 930 ; 
2, 347; 2, 1269; 4,1621. Cf. Il. A, 350 opowy em’... . wovrtor ; 
Od. X, 18, ete. 

3) of extent over: 

1, 744 whyvv ere cxarov Evvoy? KeyddacTo ; cf. also 3, 831; 
4, 1335; 4,1357. Cf. Od. 138 tpéccay . . . . ear’ juovas, ete. 

4) as far as, up to: 

1, 565 ear HraKarTnv épvoarTes ; cf. also 2,791 ; 3,412; 83,1145; 
4, 947; 4, 1316; 4, 1401; 4,1609. Cf. Il. T, 12 rococoy tis 7 


émrt Nevooes, etc. 


II. OF TIME: 

1) for, during: 

1, 615 dart Snpdv, of. 1, 516; 1, 1072; 2, 519; 3, 949; 3, 1048; 
4,738; 1,793 emi ypévov, cf. 4,960; 4, 1255; 4, 1545; 1, 1359 
emi turOov, cf. 4, 1527; 4, 1293 vier ere mwacav; 4, 1632 
oar’ Hap. 

2) up to, till: 

1, 605 dev Kat eri Kvédas odpos .... axpans. Cf. 1) I. L 
A15 éart Snpdv ; 2) Od. 7, 288 eo 4 Kal pécov Fyuap, ete. 


III. OF OBJECT, PURPOSE: 

2, 1129 és ypéos ‘on business ;’ cf. Pindar O, I, 71; 3, 375 
dart k@as ‘in quest of the fleece; 2, 389 ert krépas. Cf. Od. ¥, 
421 eat Body itw. With persons this construction is rare and 
almost confined to the [liad (Monro § 199), cf. M, 342. 


IV. According to, (secundum) : 

4,678 1a 8 emi otiyas Hyayer aiwv. Cf. Il. B, 687 ob yap 
ayy bs tis odw emt atixas Hryjoacto ‘in Reihen, so dass sie Reihen 
bildeten ’ (Ameis-Hentze) ; also 2, 602. Cf. Giseke* p. 184 who 
quotes Apollonius 4, 678 in connection with these two examples 
from Homer. 


1 Referred to above p. 24. 


48 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


meta. 


pera occurs 82 times in the Argonautica (36 with the dat., 46 
with the acc.). There is no example of the genitive, as in epic 
poetry wera is practically a preposition with two cases (Homer has 
but 5 examples of the gen.), cvv taking the place of werd with the 
gen., which is a prose construction. In the Argonautica perd is 
used slightly more often than in Homer. It is noteworthy that 
while the dat., which is in the main a Homeric construction 
(Monro § 194), preponderates over the acc. by nearly 4, the reverse 
is true for Apollonius and in about the same ratio (dat. : acc.:: 1: 
1.28). Postposition is about equally frequent in the two poets. 
Tmesis is slightly less, the adverbial use very much more, fre- 
quent in Apollonius. | 

Worthy of remark among the uses of pera is that with verbs 
of motion like zpos or éai, predominantly with singular nouns, 
whereas Homer generally has a plural or a collective noun in such 
cases, there being only a few examples of the singular. 


“eta WITH THE DAT. 


pera with the dat. is confined chiefly to epic poetry (Kriger 
§ 68, 27). In Apollonius as in Homer it stands predominantly with 
plurals, mostly persons. eizreiy and dyopevew are the two most 
common verbs with which it is used (cf. Mommsen, Beitrage* 
p- 188). 


I, Denoting among several persons: 

1,17 addrodarroics pet avdpaor; cf. further 1, 303; 1, 340; 
1, 648, 1, 679; 1, 779; 2, 144; 2, 5386; 2, 757; 3, 90; 3, 341; 
3, 505; 3, 544; 3, 889; 3, 891; 3, 908; 3,1214; 4,6; 4, 189; 
4, 423; 4, 427; 4, 481; 4, 616; 4, 975; 4, 1102; 4, 1209; 
4, 1418; 4, 1465; 4, 1640. Cf. Il. E, 86 wera Tpceooue Od. 6, 
236 uc? Hplv TAT aryopevers, etc. 


II. The phrase wera gdpeciv appears 5 times, in which we 
translate wera as in, but in reality the preposition has its original 


1 Referred to above p. 8. 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 49 


force of between, the dpeot having a dual character (cf. Monro 
§ 194). (The 5 examples are 1, 463 ; 2,952; 3,18; 3,629; 4, 56.) 
Here may be mentioned 1, 223 dovéovto pera mvoujow eerpar, 
where werd has nearly the same force as év. Cf. Il. V, 367 yatrar 
8 éppwovro pera mvoins avéwoto ; Od. B, 148 érérovto pera vos 
avéuwovo, Which Apollonius imitates, as Mommsen, Beitr.’ p. 188 
observes. peta hpeciv for év dpeciv, with two exeeptions (A, 245 ; 
I, 434), is found only in the 2nd half of the Iliad (2, 264; &, 
419; T, 29; 213; 343; T, 310; WV, 600; ©, 105). Also in the 
Odyssey it predominates in the 2nd part (6, 825; «, 438; A, 428; 
v, 362; m, 486; p, 470; w, 357; 435). See Giseke’ p. 108. 
Apollonius seems to have used wera dpeciv up to the 4th bk., then 
év hpeciv (wera dpeciv once in the 4th bk., viz. 56; év dpeciv 4 
times, viz. 23; 782; 794; 1671). 


ueth& WITH THE ACC. 


I. Denoting to, towards like mpos: 

1) with persons: 

(a) with the singular : , 

2, 424 wera 8 Atay ddus routes Ecovtas ; cf. 3, 1138. 

(6) with the plural : 

4,1499 ra pra peta odéas ... . exopiocay. 

2) with things: 

(a) with the singular : 

1, 237 tcav pera vna; ef. also 1, 1255; 2, 461; 2, 762; 
2, 892; 2,1095; 2,1172; 2,1189; 3,13; 3, 25; 3, 331; 3, 621; 
3, 914; 3, 1187; 4,57; 4, 123; 4, 289; 4, 349; 4,369; 4, 630; 
4,720; 4, 844; 4, 1766. 

(6) with the plural, or a collective noun: 

2, 1121 per jrovas Bare vncov ; cf. 3, 434. 

Apollonius differs markedly from Homer in this usage. In 
the Argonautica the original signification of the preposition seems 
to have faded away, hence the singular greatly preponderates. 
Most of the examples are with things. In Homer, on the other 
hand, most of the examples are with persons, either the plural or 


1 Cited above p. 8. 2 Cited above p. 24. 


50 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


a collective noun. The singular is found (some 15 times, all in 
the Il. but 2) of persons, but not of things. For the singular ef. 
Il. K, 63 0é@ peta o adtis; Od. &, 115, ete. Giseke’ p. 110 
traces the beginning of this development of the use of wera with 
a singular noun in such examples as Il. E, 152 BA dé pera EavOov 
te @Mowva te Daivotros vie; E, 614 Hy .... wera Ipiapov re xat 
vias ; Od. 7, 394; Il. B, 21; II, 536. Then the preposition came 
to be used with a single person. The extension of this use to 
single things seems to be a development of the later epic poetry. 


II. Denoting in quest of, after: 

1, 4 pera n@as.... Hracay Apyo; cf. also 1, 701; 2, 211; 
2,873; 3,58; 4,77. Cf. Il. N, 247 pera yap Sopv.. . . jew; 
Od. a, 184, ete. 


III. Denoting sequence or succession : 


(a) in order of place: 

1, 741 per’ iyvia veicero ; cf. also 2, 367; 3, 447. 

(b) in order of time : 

1, 698 pera thvye....avopro; cf. further 1, 1309; 2, 451; 
2, 881; 2, 898; 2, 1288; 3,955; 4,1211. Cf. Il. K, 516 pera 
Tudéos viov érovoay ; Od. o, 147, ete. 


IV. Of direction: 
3, 951 od Sé mor dace audiTrorwy pel Sptrov Ex’ aTpéwas With 
which cf, Od. pw, 247 oxewdpevos 8 &s via Sony dpa Kat pet 


ETALpOUS. 
2 
TLAPQ. 


Form. ‘The form vapa is used always by Apollonius except 5 
instances of 7apai. Homer has 12 instances of vrapat. 

Usr. This preposition falls far below Homer in point of fre- 
quency in our poet (Ap. one in 135.7 lines; Homer one in 66.3). 
As regards case relation, it is to be observed that Apollonius uses 
the gen. only 4 times and the acc. more than the dat.; while in 


1 Cited above p. 24. 
2For an elaborate general treatment of apd see Rau in Curtius Studien 


Ill, p. 1, #. 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 51 


Homer the gen. is much nearer the other two cases in point of 
number and the dat. greatly predominates. The Argonautica has 
trapa only twice in postposition (4.6 per cent.), Homer 21 times 
(4.9 per cent.). Tmesis and the adverbial use are common in the 
Homeric poems but rare in Apollonius (tm. 3, adv. 2). 


TLL, WITH THE GEN. 


Apollonius, as Homer, uses rapa with the gen. with impersonal 
as well as personal objects, whereas in the post-Homeric language it 
is restricted mostly to persons (cf. Kriig. § 68, 34, 1 ; Monro § 192). 

The examples are 


I. WITH PERSONS: 


2, 417 mapa céo xai To Saeiny ; ef. further 2, 1096; 3, 38. Cf. 
Il. B. 787; Od. y, 347, ete. 


by 


II. wiTH IMPERSONAL OBJECT: 
3, 568 mapa vnos....oTeAéoOw. Cf. Il. A, 190; Od. +, 431, ete. 


tap WITH THE DAT. 


mapa with the dative, as with the gen., is used both with persons 
and things in our poet. 


I. WITH PERSONS : 

1, 455 mapa € oficr pupi’ exerto eidata; cf. also 2, 508; 
4, 224; 4, 1553. Cf Il. A, 405 rapa Kpoviom xabéfero ; Od. n, 
203. 


II. Wirth IMPERSONAL OBJECTS: 
1, 319 mapa vnt pévovtes cf. further 1, 458; 1, 5380; 1, 694; 
1, 855; 2, 61; 2,158; 2, 309; 2,498; 2,868; 38,1193; 4,132; 


1 Besides the examples in I. A, 190 (M1, 473; 4,173) and A, 468 where zapa 
expresses a turn of thought which no other preposition could have, rapd is found 
in the Iliad of things only with yvnay and vnds (@, 533; M, 114; 225; N, 744; 
=, 46; 0,69; 407; 601; T, 143; 194). The Odyssey says not only rapa vnds 
(y, 481; «, 146; 274; 446; & 498) but also mapa fodwy (x, 197)—cf. Giseke 
{cited above p. 24) p. 102. 


52 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


4, 849; 4,973; 4,1122. Cf. Il. A, 26 wapa vnuci ; Od. 8, 449 
Tapa pnypive, etc. 


Tta.pd. WITH THE ACC, 


1. OF MOTION to, beside: 

1,217 dyov .... mapa poov Epyivoso ; cf. also 2, 1008; 3, 486; 
4, 564; 4,825. Cf. Il. ©, 220 iévar mapa te Kricias Kat vijas ; 
Od. a, 285, ete. 


II. Denoting along by, past: 

1, 1279 dopéovto mapa: ....dxpnv; cf. also 2, 621; 2, 906; 
2,946; 3, 445; 3, 1252; 4, 324; 4, 787; 4, 1777. Cf Il. A, 
166 wrap "Ihov ofpa.... wap’ épivedv éacedvorvto ; Od. vy, 172, ete. 


III. Denoting place beside, near: 
1, 967 eicapevor Tapa Oiva ; cf. also 2, 502; 2, 507; 3, 1276; 
4,1578. Cf. Il. B, 522 wap worapov ... . évavov ; Od. p, 32, ete. 


IV. Denoting beyond, contrary to: 


3, 613 map aicav. 

Of the derivative meaning beyond Homer furnishes only the 
two phrases wap dvvayv Il. N, 787 and rapa potpav Od. &, 509 
(Monro § 191, 3). 


mtEpi , 


Apollonius uses this preposition once in 102.4 lines; Homer 
once in 117.8. The Argonautica and the Iliad (once in 99.9) 
almost equal each other in point of frequency of wepi. The dative 
is the favorite case in both poets, whereas in Attic Greek it is rare. 
Postposition, and the adverbial use of vepi are more common in 
our poet, postposition markedly so (Ap. 21.1 per cent.; Hom. 8.5 
per cent.). Tmesis is less common. 


mLepl WITH THE GEN. 


The prevailing signification of wept with the gen. is cause. 
The locative sense is very rare (Kiihn. II, § 437). There are 
only two examples in our poet and only two in Homer (in bk. ¢, 
of the Od.). 


A Comparison of Apollonius} Rhodius with Homer. 53 


I. OF PLACE: 


2, 1181 Sodvar dcov O cfrAvpa rept ypoos; cf. 2,1191. The 
two examples in Homer are Od. «, 68 tetdvuoto mepi omeious 
yAradupoio juepis 7Bowoa ; Od. ¢, 130 rept tpomios BeBadra.' 


II. OF cause: 

1) of striving, contending : 

2,141 udpvavto....mept yains ; cf. further 3, 1057; 4, 1765; 
4,1770. Cf. Il. [, 187; Od. w, 515. In 4, 1485 6 o édv unrov 
mépt... . adefopuevos Katemédvev we have a mode of expression 
that is frequent in the [liad cf. M, 142; 170; 227; 248; P, 182; 
>, 173; ©, 500. In 4, 549 we have the dative areEdpevov rept 
Bovoiv. 

2) of care, anaiety about or for : 

3, 60 Tay Hrou TdvToy pév ... . Seidspev Extrayras, Trept 
Aicovidao parsota. Cf. also 3, 688 Cf. Il. T, 17, rept Todor 
Kat Ayatav pepunpiters, ete. 

3) with verbs of thinking, knowing about : 

4, 492 vavtirins . . . . wépe pntidacxor ; cf. further 4, 1068 ; 
4, 1355. 

The examples of this use in Homer are all in the Odyssey. Cf. 
Od. a, 185; 7, 191; 2, 234; p, 371. The similar use of audi 
with the dative is likewise peculiar to the Odyssey as Monro 
(§ 188) notes. See above p. 38. 

4) denoting on account of, for, for the sake of : 

1, 901 euéOev réps Oud apeiw icyay ; cf. also 1, 1342. Cf. 
Il. 1, 449 wadXakid0os trepirydoato. The same compound occurs 
in &, 266. 


III. Denoting before, beyond, surpassing: 

1, 65 wept mavtov .. . . edida&e Oeomrpotrias oiwvar ; cf. also 
1, 880; 2,179; 3, 304; 3, 585. As Monro (§ 188) observes, this 
use is distinctively Homeric (cf. also Kriig. 68, 31,3). For exam- 


1 This, however, may be regarded as an instance of tmesis: so the Harl. Schol. 
yevikh Gyr) Tov wepiBeBnkdta tTpdmid:; so also Ameis-Hentze, comparing I], Z, 21, 
See also Giseke (cited above p. 24) p. 122. Kriiger 68, 31, 1 recognizes only Od. 
e, 68 as an example of the locative use of wepi with the gen. in Homer. The 
only other examples quoted for this usage are Sapph., 1, 10; Eur. Tr. 817 (chor.). 


6 


54 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


ples cf. I]. A, 297 ; Od. a, 235, ete. Here, however, is to be noted 
the prose 7rept moAXod Troveic Ban, 7ryeto Oar, etc., so common in the 
orators. See Lutz, Praepositionen bei den attischen Rednern 
(1887) p. 133. 


mel WITH THE DAT. 


The locative use is the prevailing one in Apollonius as in 
Homer, though in prose it is uncommon (cf. Kiihn. IT, § 439, II). 


I. OF PLACE: 
1, 389 mepi 5é ogw ardvy KyKie Avyvis ; cf. also 1, 1020; 2, 57; | 
2, 128; 2, 160; 2, 162; 2, 323; 2, 833; 2, 1173; 3, 291; 
3, 867; 3, 1019; 3, 1224; 4, 93; 4, 325; 4, 936; 4, 953; 
4,1454. Cf. Il. O, 19 wep: yeport 5é Seopov inra ; Od. ¢, 307, ete. 


IT. Causa: 
1) denoting for, on account of : 
3, 865 goreve ... . Oddvn mrépt Oupov arvav ; 4, 440 rrepi yap 


pu avayKn.... Sdocav Ecivorow ayecOar. 

The Iliad and Odyssey do not have this use. The Hymn. Cer. 
429 has mepl yapuars; Pind. P, 5, 58 wept Secware. Cf. also 
Aesch. Pers. 696 wept tapBe; Choeph. 35 mept doBo. Cf. 
Prof. Gildersleeve on Pind. P, 5, 58. 

2) denoting about, concerning : 

1, 1340-41 epi ma@eci—trepi xredrecot ; 3, 1155; 3, 1171; 
4,614; 3, 904 dtis wept Bovoly bréotn; Schol. caredéEato ert 
tots Bovoly ayovicacGat ‘qui de tauris pactus est’ (Beck). Cf. 
Il. K, 240 &8ecoev 5€ wept... . Meverdw; Od. 8, 245, ete. 


TLEPL WITH THE ACC, 


IT. OF MOTION around, about: 

1, 538 arepi Bopov .... pjoowar; cf. also 1, 1197; 2, 301; 
3, 633; 4, 436; 4, 932; 4, 1196; 4, 1450; 4, 1664. Cf Od. o, 
19 wept xeivoy owireov ; I]. &, 372, ete. 


IJ. WiItH VERBS OF REST: 
3, 216 epi Toiyous .. .. avexyov; ef. also 4, 321. Cf. Il. B, 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 55 


757 mepi [Inveov . .. . vaiecxov; Od. 1, 402 iordywevor.... 
Tépl o7réos, ete. 


7Up0c. 


Form. Of the 16 examples of this preposition the form pds 
is found 9 times, vori 5 times, wpori 2 times. Homer has mpds 
240 times, wroti 65, mpori 70. 


Usr. Apollonius uses zpds very sparingly in comparison with 
his predecessor who has it about six times as often.’ Of the 
former’s 11 oceurrences (with cases) 3 are with the genitive, 8 with 
the accusative. The dative does not occur at all. Apollonius does 
not postpene mpds at all; Homer does so only 3 times. Tmesis 
and the adverbial use of pds are rare in the former, while in the 
latter the one is common, the other is not. 


7190¢ WITH THE GEN. 


The only use of zpos with the gen. in Apollonius is in suppli- 
cation, as e. g. 2, 215 mpos Znvds, .... DoiBov T audi KaivadTis 
eivixev” Hons Aiccoua ; cf. also 2, 1125; 3, 984. Homer fur- 
nishes 6 examples, viz. Il. A, 339 (twice); 340; T, 188; Od. d, 
67; v, 324. 

71p6¢ WITH THE ACC. 


I. OF MOTION to, towards: 

1, 774 BA & ipevas mpoti dorv; cf. also 2, 8; 2, 807; 3, 322; 
o, 1154; 4, 595; 4,1399. Cf. Il. A, 420; Od. o, 454, ete. 

II. OF DIRECTION: 


4, 311 ctewov 8 .... dyxava Trott poov. Cf. Il. E, 605 mpos 
Tpaas tetpaypévor ; Od. p, 81, ete. 


vm. 


Form. The form io is always used by Apollonius except 
7 instances of vrai. Homer has but four examples of dzrai. 


‘The numerically low rank of mpés in Apollonius may be due in part to the 
free use of wera with the acc. like pds with verbs of motion. See above p. 49. 


56 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


UsE. dro is far more frequent in our poet (once in 50.7 lines) 
than in the Homeric poems (one in 74.1 lines) as a whole, but is 
very near to the Iliad (one in 59 lines). Postposition and tmesis 
of imo are used very sparingly by Apollonius as compared with 
his predecessor. The adverbial use does not occur in our poet 
and only rarely in Homer. | 


uno WITH THE GEN. 


I. OF PLACE beneath: 

1, 10 &dAo pév (1édirNov) eEeodwoev 7 idvos ; cf. also 2, 106; 
2, 743. Cf. Homer Il. ©, 14 jx BadOtorov bd yOovds éote BéE- 
peOpov ; Od. X, 52, ete. 


II. Causar: 

1) of agency: 

2, 847 Movcéwr tro ynpicacbaz ; cf. also 4,641. Cf. Il. A, 
242 id’ Extopos .... Ovnoxortes ; Od. 1, 66, ete. 

2) under the influence of, by the power of : 

2, 1232 tat pimhs avéwouo teivero; cf. 3, 969. Cf. Il. O, 
171; T, 358. 


III. OF MUSICAL ACCOMPANIMENT : 

1, 538 hopysyyos bras, cf. 4,1192; 4,1157 Opdjos tra. Of 
accompaniment cf. here Il. B, 334; O, 275; 2,492. More closely 
to be compared with 1, 538 and 4, 1157 are Hesiod Shield 280 
bo hoppiryyov, and 280 im’ avrod. Cf. also Pindar O, 4, 2; 7, 13. 


und WITH THE DAT. 
I. OF PLACE: 


1) with verbs of rest, etc. 

1, 956 i276 xpyvn éXéirorro ; cf.jfurther 1, 388; 1, 544; 1, 957; 
1, 1262; 2,681; 2,707; 2,732; 2,797; 2, 1086; 3,39; 3,119; 
3, 221; 3, 287; 3, 296; 3, 371; 3,1023; 4,137; 4,313; 4, 765; 
4,944; 4,982; 4,1107; 4,1528. Cf. Il. B, 307; Od. 6, 408, ete. 

2) with verbs of motion implying subsequent rest : 

2,512 im dvrpoiow KopéerOa ; cf. also 2, 1109; 3, 281; 4, 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 57 


1261; 4,1522. Cf. Il. X,482 tao KxevOeor yains Epyear; Od. 
6, 297, etc. 


II. Causa: 


1) denoting cause, instrument, or means : 

1, 263 dXNo@ bro yHpa évtutras ; cf. further 1,7; 1,114; 1, 272; 
1, 443; 1,815; 1, 1303; 1, 1308; 2,26; 2,117; 2,139; 2, 558; 
2, 586 ; 2, 727; 2, 1013; 2, 1059; 2, 1112; 2, 1169; 3,3; 3, 321; 
3, 395; 3, 416; 3, 702; 3, 971; 3, 1186; 3, 1226; 3, 1329; 3, 
1374; 4, 58; 4,193; 4, 269; 4, 667; 4,676; 4, 922; 4, 1009; 
4, 1176; 4, 1369; 4, 1733. 

In Homer such phrases as tr yepoi, 7rd Sovpi with such verbs 
as dauhvat, Oavéewv, oréooat, etc., are especially frequent, as e. g. 
Il. B, 860 edn ito yepci, ete. 

2) of agency :* 

1, 794 bm’ avdpdor vaieras dorv; 2, 783; 3, 469; 3, 13842; 
4,1398; 4,1758. Cf. Il. E, 646 in’ éuol Sunbévra ; Od. 8, 790. 


III. Denoting under the power of : 
2, 788 é€u@ id matpi Sdpacoey; cf. also 3, 353; with the 
latter ef. I. Z, 159. 


IV. Of musical accompaniment : 

1, 540 ir’ "Opdijos KiOdpn wémAnyov épetmois wovTov AaBpov 
bOwp. 

Homer has no exact parallel. For the dat. of attendant circum- 
stance cf. Od. yr, 255; 6, 402. Hesiod Shield 282 has maifovres 
tm opynOue and 283 yeXoavtes tr’ atrAnThps éxcov. This use of 
the dat. with i7o is found in later Greek e. g. Lucian De Salt. 16 
and 17, Dialog. Deor. 2, 2; Herodian V, 3, 16; 5, 9. 


V._ DENOTING TIME: 

1, 1022 dd vue«ri; cf. 1, 1038; 3, 323; 3, 13860; 4, 1682. 
This use does not appear in Homer. In II. ©, 530 and 2, 277 
there is some manuscript authority for dm oi and im join but 
U7notor is now read. 


1 Note that Apollonius has the dat. more often than the gen. with ié to denote 
agency (gen. 2, dat. 6). Cf. Pindar who has 7 datives and 5 genitives. 


58 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


v76 WITH THE ACO. 


I. OF PLACE: 

1) of motion or direction towards, under, beneath : 

1, 452 krjivovtos trd Codov jerioro; 2,113 tro Covnv Oope 
yarxos ; cf. also 2, 587; 3, 288; 3, 675; 3, 762; 3, 13821; 3, 
1403. Cf. Il. A, 279 dao re oéos Hrace pra; Od. 146, ete. 

2) of position or extension : 

1, 50 pivev bro oxominy ; cf. also 1, 102; 1, 509; 2, 570; 2, 
1236; 3, 278; 3, 1368; 4, 1474. Cf. Il. B, 824 évacov tai 
moda .... lds; Od. x, 362, ete. 


II. OF sUBJECTION, CONTROL : 

4, 39 clow ... . yadeTras OT YEipas avdoons. 

Homer furnishes no exact parallel. Thucyd. 1,110 has Alyumros 
bd Bactréa éyévero ; cf. also 4, 60; 6,86; Plato Civ. 348 d, ete. 


Til. OF TmeE: 

1, 587 bo xvédas; cf. 1, 1186; 2, 1034; 4, 590; 1, 1160 
jo Seiedov ; 2, 1122 viyG taro; ef. 4, 458. 

Apollonius overdoes this usage. In Homer there are only two 
examples, viz. I]. Il, 202 rav@ bao unviOpov ; X, 102 vix® So 
tHv5 odkonv. Aristophanes is the only classical poet besides Homer 


who has this use of tro, viz. in his earliest extant play Ach. 139 
and 1076. See Forman (cited below p. 68) Appendix p. 66. 


s 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 59 


CORRESPONDENCES IN PHRASEOLOGY. 





The close proximity of Apollonius to his predecessor in the 
uses of the prepositions is emphasized in many cases by a more or 
less exact reproduction of phraseology. Below are given the most 
noteworthy correspondences between the language of the Argo- 
nautica and that of the Homeric poems in prepositional phrase- 
ology. It isnot urged that in all these cases there was conscious 
imitation on the’ part of Apollonius. Some of the expressions 
here adduced were so necessary a part of the epic stock that they 
would naturally be used in an expressly imitative poem. In not 
_ afew cases, however, it seems evident that there was conscious 
reproduction of the Homeric language with more or less exactness. 
Here as elsewhere there are more resemblances to the [liad than 
the Odyssey, though the Argonautica is more akin in subject to the 
latter. 


ard. 
Ap. 1, 60.... ol05 am’ GrXwv |... . apioTn@v 


Od. 1, 192.... olov am aXXo | 


Ap. 1, 585 yains dao matpidos. This phrase occurs three times 
in Homer in the same position in the verse, viz. Il. N. 696; 
O, 335; Od. «, 49. 


Ap. 1, 979 Barer & azo Seiwata Ovpod | 
Od. @, 149 oxédacov & ard Kndea Ovpod | 


Ap. 1, 1067 amd Brehdpwy dca Sdxpva yebav epate | 
Od. 6, 114 | ddxpu & aro Breddpwrv yaydbis Bare. .. ., of. also 
&, 129; wp, 33. 


Ap. 2, 253... . Oe0ts amd Oupod exec Oat | 
I). A, 562... . aro Ovpod | warXov éuol great. 


Ap. 3, 48 d7d Opovev wpro, | cf. 3,439. The same words occur 
in Il. A, 645; Q, 515. 


60 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


es. 


Ap. 4, 415 .... Teds és yeipas ixéoOar | cf. 4, 1041. 
Ml. K, 448... . tkeo yetpas és aps | 


> 


EX. 


Ap. 1, 385 orupércEav ... . €& Eps. 
Il. A, 581 | é& ééov oruderiéac. 


Ap. 1, 1071... . é« Avos jap érnrvbev 
“ 2, 995 é« AvdOev mvotai ... . HAvOor. 
Il. @, 251... é« Acds HAvOEv dps | 


Ap. 1, 1104 | @pvuto 8 é& edvjs.... 
Od. 0, 2 | dpvut dp’ é& edtv7js... . cf. B, 2; y, 405; 6, 307; I. 
X, 190. 


Ap. 2, 1107 .... dorpa dsavyéa dhaiver idécOat | ex vehéwr, 
Il. A, 62.... é« vehéwv avahaiverat ovrAL0s aoThp | Taypaiver, 


Ap. 2, 1153 | trav 2& audorépav eipev yévos ; cf. 3, 919. 
Il. E, 896 | éx yap éued yévos éooi; cf. 544; B, 1138; ®, 157; 
W, 347; Od. &, 199; 0, 267; m, 62; ¢, 335; o, 269. 


Ap. 2, 1239... . é& edvijs dvopotcas | cf. 4, 871. 
Il. O, 580... . 2& etvAds Ooporra | 


Ap. 3, 920 8c01 dAXwv | davdtwv Apwes ad’ alparos éBAdorneay | 
Il. T, 105 of @ aiparos é& éued eiciv. | ef. T, 111. 


Ap. 4,1110....@pTo | é« Nexéwv.... 
Il. A, 1 | "Has & 2 rXeyéwov .... @pvv& ; of. Od. «, 1. 


eV. 
Ap. 1,478 .... wéOu.... «ip | oidaver év otnbecct, 
Il. I, 554 ds (yoros).... 


2 7 > / f 
| oidavet év oTnOecot voov.... 


5 


Ap. 1, 1056 .... év xovinot nat aipate twerrneta | 
Il. A, 522 ev xovinow | kdrmecev. Cf. M, 23; N, 548; O, 538; 
II, 289; 469; W, 437; Od. «, 163; o, 98. 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 61 


Ap. 1, 1090... . KexAupévov paraxols evi Kweow ot@r | 
Od. vy, 38 pucev ....| e@eow év paraxoiow.... 


Ap. 2,107 .... év xovinow Barev’ 
Tl. @, 156... . av xovinos Bares. .... Cf. E, 588 also 75. 


Ap. 2, 872 | yain év adXodarr7 Shy Eupevar 

Od. 1, 36 | yain ¢v adnrodarr7 vaier 

Ap. 3, 49 | elcé r evi Kdeopoicr: 

Il. I, 200 | cicev 8 ev krsopotor Tamnot Te... . 

Ap. 3, 140... . pur éais evi yepot Barovo, | 

Il. ©, 104 dv... . duis ev yepot Barnowr, | 

Ap. 3, 228... . evi peydpotot .. . . Sunoato Oécxedna Epya. | 

“ 4,8....S0rA0v.... pntidacker | olow evi peydposs, 

Od. y, 213 | ev peydpous ... . Kana unyavaac bar. | cf. 7, 94. 

Ap. 4, 23... . év dpect Oupos | cavOn. 

Il. @, 202... . droduperas ev dpect Bupos. | 

Ap. 4, 1089... . movt@ évi mya’ avétr», 

Od. a,4.... év wovtTm wdbev ddyea.... 

Ap. 4, 1109 | 4 & érros év Oupe muKiwov Barer. Of. 2, 256. 

Il. O, 566 | ev Qupe & éBarovro Eros, Cf. B, 50. 

Ap. 4, 1735 piyOn Sé of év dirornte | 

Tl. 0,130... . yuvacki wep év dirornte | pioyeoO’. This expres- 
sion occurs frequently in Homer. 


/ 


Ovv. 


Ap. 1, 241... . ody Tevyeow aiccortas | 
Il. I, 80... . ody revyeow éooevorTo | 


Ap. 3, 1278... . Edy doupt Kal aomids Baiv’ és deOXor, | 
Il. E, 297 .... awopovee civ aoids Sovpi te paxpa, | 


UTEX. 
Ap. 4, 1657... . twé« Bedéwv épicavto|vy.... 
Tl. &, 282... . [ldtpoxrov trex Beréwv éptaartes | Cf. A, 465. 


62 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


Oud. 


Ap. 3, 761... . oduvn cpiyouca Sia ypods,.... 
Tl. A, 398... . oddvn 8é 81a ypods HAW’... . 


XAT OL. 


Ap. 2,111] otra... . kata Xamapny..... The same words 
occur in Il. Z, 64 and &, 447. 


Ap. 2, 999 | cexpupévar kata hora... . 
Il. B, 362 | xpiv’ dvdpas cata dora, 


Ap. 3,113... . Ovnrdurrovo Kata rrivyas,.... 
Il. A, 77.... Kata rrvyas OtrAvpTrovo. | 


Ap. 3, 1021 .... Kat’ ovde0s dupart’ Epecdor | also 
“ 3, 22....ém ovde0s.... Oupat eérnéar, | 
Il. [, 217 .... Kata yPovds dupata néas, | 


Ap. 4, 473 | aiua Kar’ @retdny vrolayerto: 


Tl. P, 86 éppe: 8 aiwa nar ovtapévny wTecryp. | 


Ap. 4, 1523 .... «ar opOaryarv xéer axNrvs. | 
Tl. Il, 344... . kata 8 ofOarpov Kéyur aynrds. | Cf. T, 321 ; 
421; Od. xy, 88. 
unép. 
Ap. 3,219 .... tép ovddv Ever’ EBav. 


Od. 7, 135 .... oép oddov €Bnoeto.... Cf. v, 63; x, 182. 


Ap. 3, 701 | Xiocow irép paxdpwv céo T avTis HOE TOKN@D, 


Il. O, 660 | Xicoe# irép Toxéwy.... Cf. X, 338. 
Ap. 4, 1252 i7ép Avés aicay. This phrase is found in II. P, 321. 


Ap. 4, 1348 | €orav b7rép Keharijs.... | 
Il. B, 20 | or & Gp’ trép xeharifs .... Cf. 59; V, 68; O, 682; 
Od. 6, 803; & 21; v, 32; w, 4. 


Ap. 4, 1692 .... vép péya Naitpa BéovTas | 
Od. 1, 260... . avromANayyOévtes .... UTép péya Naitwa Oardacons | 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 63 


Ovex. 


Ap. 3, 158 | BA 5é Stee peydpowo.... 
Od. «, 388... . See peydporo BeBnxer| Cf. p, 61; o, 185; 7, 
47; 503; v, 144; x, 433. 


TUOLDEX. 


Ap. 2, 94... . avroio mdapex yovu youvos apeiBor | 
Il. A, 547... . yovu youvos apeiBov. | 


Ap. 4, 102 | cdas éXovtes dyowTo mapéx voov Ainrao. | 
Il. K, 391 | rwordgjow p arnot wapéx voor Hyayev"Exrap, | 


CUpi. 
Ap. 1, 1142 aydi dé rocelv | a’roudatn die yaia.... 
Od. A, 586 audi Sé rocai | yaia pérXawa haverke.... 
Ap. 2, 96 6 8 apd’ oddvn yr Hpurrev: 
Il. E, 68 yd& & épir’ oipwéas, 


Ap. 4, 136 apdi dé maiciv|.... yeipas Badov ...> 
Od. p, 38 | audi 5é raidi dito Bare myyee.... Of. , 223; w, 347. 


emt. 
Ap. 1, 95 | tots & éwi.... Ave... 
Od. v, 185 | rotor 8 érri tpitos HAGE... . 


Ap. 1, 424.... él movrov édevodped” evdsowrtes. | 
Od. 8,381... . éwt rovrov édedoopat iyOvoevta.| Cf. 390; 
424; 470; «, 540. 


Ap. 1, 485 | xatov él cxifnow: 
Il. A, 462 | cate 3 emi oyifns Cf. Od. y, 459. 


Ap. 1, 882... . él vija Kim érdporow éviores | uwtOouvs Cf. 3, 
826 ; 1345. 
Od. 2, 636 él via Kimv éxéXevov Eraipous | Cf. w, 144. 


Ap. 1, 930 Idainv émi deFia yatay éyovtes. | Cf. 2,347; 4, 1621. 


64 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


Od. y, 171 .... adriy ém apiotép éxorres, | 
Ap. 2, 1269 éyov & ém’ dpictepa yerpav | Kavxacov 
Od. ¢, 277 rHv .... ém apiotepa yewpos ExovTa. | 


Ap. 1, 1140.... evayéecow eri dpéva OfjxKe Ovnrais | 
Tl. K, 46 “Exropéows dpa padrov eri dpéva Onyx’ lepoiory. | 


Ap. 2, 365 wonréos & él reipacwy airyianoio | 
Od. 1, 284 .... tus emi treipact yains, | 


Ap. 2, 682 .... «rAvfev & emt Kdpata yépoo. | 
Il. V, 61... . «dpar’ én’ jrovos KrvLecxor. | 


Ap. 3,199... . émt O@pwopod medioro. | 
Il. K, 160... . ei OQpwopo rediovo| Cf. A, 56; T, 3. 


Ap. 3, 455 .... &er’ émi @povov, 

Tl. O, 522... . &ev emi Opovov, ef. A, 5386; &, 422; Od. e, 195; 
o, 157; $, 189; 166; w, 164. The prepositional phrase is 
in the same position in the verse. 


Ap. 3, 708 .... ém’ addnArgor Bécav yoor' 
Il. E, 384.... ddye em’ adrAnjrowet TLOEvTes. | 


Ap. 3, 1227.... éwi kpati xopuv Oéro Terpadhadnpor, | 
Ml. E, 743 xpari & én’ audiraroy xuvénv Oéro rertpaddarnpor | Cf. 
A, 41. 


Ap. 4, 493 émi d€ cdiow Arve Kovpr | 
Od. v, 162 émi 5€ cdiow HAGE cvBarns | 


Ap. 4, 678 ta & émi otiyas jyayer aor | 
Il. B, 687 ds ris ow emi otiyas Hyjcasro. | 


Ap. 4, 717 eicer émi Eeotoicw avactncaca Opovoiewr, | 
Od. 7, 408 .... xa€ifov émi Eeoroior Opdvoicry. | 


Ap. 4, 1197 .... émi dpect Ojwas |’ Apyrns, 

Il. A, 55 7& yap émi pect! Ojxe Ged, Cf. @, 218; Od. r, 146; 
o, 234; o, 158; ¢, 1. 

Ap. 4, 1805... . avnvicote én’ aéOr@. | 

Od. 7,111 .... avnviort@ ért Epya. | 

Il. A, 175... . arereuryit@ emt Epyy. | 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 65 
Ap. 4, 1335 .... érdpous él pwaxpov avret, | 


Od. €, 117 ai & émi paxpov advoav. 


Ap. 4, 1503 Keiro & érrt wraydboor 
Od. v, 284.... él Wapdborow éexetpnv. | 


Ap. 4,1773 ... . éwi KXuTa Treipal’ ixdve | tpwetépov Kaparov* 
Od. yr, 248 od ydp 7w rdvtwv éri Teipar’ aéOrwv | 7AOoper, 


WeTO. 


Ap. 1, 223... . dovéovto pera mvoujow eerpar. | 
Il. V, 367 yatra: 8 éppaovro pera rvoins avéwoco. | Cf. Od. 8, 148. 


Ap. 1, 679 dre moda per’ avOpa@rrotot TéXoOVTAL | 
Od. 6, 160 ofa re rodrd per’ avOperrotot TéXovTat, | Cf. , 225. 


Ap. 1, 741.... per’ lyva veiceto Trétp7n | 
Od. 8. 406... . per’ tyvia Baive Oeoio. | Cf. y, 30; ¢, 193; 7, 38. 


Ap. 3, 434 | épyeo viv ue? Gutrov,.... 
Il. BH, 21... . wel dusrov tor Aavady trayvronrovr | Cf. T, 47. 


Ap. 3, 889... . Tota peta Suwnow ecrrev | 
Od. p, 493... . per’ dpa Sumnow éeurrev. | 


Ap. 3, 908 | é¢pa ra pév SacdpecOa peta cdiow, 


Il. A, 368 | cat ra pév ed SdocavTo peta odhiow.... 


Tua. 


Ap. 1, 217 | Kai pv dyov .... wapa poov ’Epyivovo, | 
Od. d, 21... . rapa poov ’Oxeavoio | oper, 


Ap. 1, 319... . mapa vn pévorres. | 
Od. pw, 292... . G07 mapa vni pévortes: | Cf. x, 444; p, 429. 


Ap. 1, 855 6 yap mapa vnt rNérXecTrTO | 
Il. K, 256 76 & é0v rapa vnt rNérevtrt0, | Cf. K, 447. 


66 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


7Epl. 
Ap. 3, 1224.... wept pév ornbecaw coro | OapnKa 


Il. T, 382... . O@pnKa rept ornbecow edvvev | Cf. A, 19; TI, 
133; T, 371. 


7190s. 


Ap. 1, 774 | 87 & ipevas mpott aorv.... 
I]. &, 266 | arr’ touev wrport aorv, 


c 4 


v7t0. 


Ap. 2, 682 4 & to moaaly | ceiero viaos 6Xn, 
Il. N, 18 tpéwe & otfpea paxpa Kat try | mocety br’ abavarouee 
Ilosesddwvos tovtos. | 


Ap. 2,1013.... Téx@vtat im’ avdpaci tTéxva yuvaixes, | 
Il. B, 714... . rov bn’ "Adunte téxe Sia yuvacxav | Cf. 728; 
742; 820; E, 313; H, 469; &, 492. 


Ap. 2, 12382 .... vmat pimfjs avéuowo|.... 
I]. O, 171 .... io purrs aiPpnyevéos Bopéao, | 


Ap. 3, 353 tods cotow bro oxnmrpoio. dapacoe | Cf. 395. 
Il. Z, 159 Zeds yap of bo oxnrtTp@ édapaceer. | 


Ap. 3, 371 | é« 5é of éupar’ EXaprber br’ odpiow.... 
Il, O, 608 | XaurécOny Broavpjow br’ odptow,.... 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 67 
SUMMARY. 


The high degree of success which Apollonius attained in his 
imitation of Homer may be seen anew from the results of this 
investigation. One needs only to look at the tables to observe 
this. Of the two Homeric poems, he generally approaches more 
nearly the usage of the [liad than that of the Odyssey, notwith- 
standing the fact that the Argonautica is akin in subject to the 
latter rather than the former. Some of the more important results 
may here be gathered up by way of summary. 

Overdoing. First of all we cannot fail to observe a striving 
after picturesqueness and poetic effect on the part of Apollonius 
that leads him to outdo his predecessor in certain usages. He has 
not only used the majority of the prepositions more frequently 
than Homer, but he has also taken greater liberty in the licenses 
most distinctively poetic, viz. postposition, the adverbial use of 
prepositions, an excess of double prepositions and of the poetical 
prepositions audi, ava, and ovr. 

Frequency. Tycho Mommseen (in his Beitrage cited above p- 8) 
has shown that there are well marked differences in the aggregate 
frequency of prepositions according to period, department, author, 
etc. Poetry as we might expect, has fewer prepositions than prose. 
Epic and lyric poetry in general excel tragic and comic, though 
variations occur both in different poets and in the works of the same 
poet. In prose the historians excel the philosophers and orators. 

In point of frequency of prepositions as a whole, Apollonius is 
a little ahead of the norm set by his predecessor for epic poetry, 
having an average of one preposition in 3.36 lines. Homer has 
an average of one in 3.40 lines (Iliad one in 3.380; Odyssey 
one in 3.50)." 

While this close proximity of Apollonius to Homer is true in 
point of frequency of the prepositions in the aggregate, there is 
considerable diversity to be seen in the individual prepositions. 
The majority are more frequent in Apollonius; only seven are less 


1Mommsen makes the average for the Iliad 3.14, for the Odyssey 3.95. 


68 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


frequent, viz. d7rd, eis, év, mpo, Kata, Tapd, mpds. Only five have 
little numerical difference in the two poets, viz. dé, eis, éx, ev, weTde 
The widest difference is seen in t7réx, duéx, wapéx, bwép, which 
are much more frequent in Apollonius, and card, rapd, mpés, 
which are much less frequent. The favorite preposition in Apol- 
lonius is é7ri, ev coming next. The reverse is true for Homer, but 
with a more decided preference, év ranking first, é7ri next. 

Relation of the Cases. Mommsen’s investigations have also 
shown that the numerical relation of the cases with which preposi- 
tions are used is an important element in style and may serve to 
differentiate the different periods and departments of literature. 
As stated by him (p. 19 of Beitrage) “the preponderance of the 
dative with prepositions belongs to the older and poetic language, 
that of the accusative to the younger language and prose, that of 
the genitive to the rhetorical and philosophical elements in poetry 
and prose.” In epic and lyric poetry the dative is the predomi- 
nant case. ‘Tragedy shows at first the epic relation (preponder- 
ance of the dative), then the dative gives place to the genitive in 
Sophocles and the accusative in Euripides, though in certain pieces 
the dative still predominates. In comedy the epic relation is 
found only in the fragments of middle comedy. In prose the 
dative falls into the background. 

The marked preference for the dative in epic poetry is seen by 
the fact that 42.07 per cent. of the prepositions in Homer are 
with this case. We naturally expect this from the great number 
of concrete locative situations afforded by the subject-matter of 
epic poetry. There is an element of picturesqueness in this phe- 
nomenon that gives rise to the poetic preference for the dative. 
The dative more strictly defining the locality, or limiting it to a 
narrower sphere, gives color and emphasis.’ Hence é7i with the 
dative is preferred to ézi with the genitive, id with the dative to 
imo with the genitive in locative expressions. 

In case relation Apollonius approximates very closely to Homer. 
The preponderance of the dative is almost the same, viz. 42.37 per 
cent. ‘The genitive and accusative have nearly the same relation 


1See Mr. Forman’s dissertation, The Difference Between the Gen. and the Dat. 
Used with éxt to Denote Superposition, Balto. 1894, p. 43. 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 69 


to each other as in Homer, though the genitive is more frequent 
in Apollonius (25.96 per cent., against 22.23 per cent.), the accusa- 
tive less frequent (31.66 per cent. against 35.70 per cent.). The 
Argonautica is very close, in the matter of case relation, to the 
Iliad, in which the ratio of the three cases is: gen. 24.46 per cent., 
dat. 41.70 per cent., acc. 33.84 per cent. In the Odyssey the 
accusative has gained on the genitive, being twice as frequent 
(gen. 19.21 per cent., acc. 38.21 per cent). 

The following differences in case relation may be noted. The 
most marked are to be seen in dvéx, mapéx, cata, audi, avd, Twpds. 
dvéx occurs in Homer only with the genitive (mostly in the 
Odyssey). Apollonius uses it nearly as often with the accusative 
as with the genitive. mapé« in Apollonius is found with the 
genitive about as frequently as with the accusative. In Homer 
the accusative is generally used (gen. 2, acc. 8). «ard with the geni- 
tive in the Homeric poems is very low numerically in comparison 
with the accusative, while in the Argonautica the accusative has 
greatly diminished (being only about three times as frequent, 
whereas in Homer it is nearly nine times as frequent), dydi is 
used only twice with the genitive in the Homeric poems, while in 
the Argonautica this construction is greatly overdone, the genitive 
being used 11 times. avd is found both with the genitive and 
dative in Homer (not often however), in Apollonius there is but 
one example outside the accusative and that is with the dative. 
apos besides having a remarkably low percentage in the Argonau- 
tica in comparison with its percentage in the Homeric poem, is not 
used at all with the dative. 

Doubling of prepositions. The doubling of prepositions gives a 
picturesque fulness to the expression. It makes the preposition 
doubly deictic. Apollonius greatly overdoes Homeric usage in 
this respect, as is seen by the fact that nearly all the double 
prepositions which he has in common with Homer are more fre- 
quent, and further he forms prepositional combinations which his 
predecessor does not. In 4, 225 he has a triple compound in 
tmesis b7exmpd Oé trovrov érauvev. The double prepositions in the 
two poets are 


70 A Comparison of Apollomus Rhodius with Homer. 


APOLLONIUS. HoMER. 

OUEK. 12... shine Xe 93 Sienna 22 Opehi TEDL... .sereeeeene : 4 
Svatrpo RAEN 1 * AITOTP0....0. 00000 seeking aa 
PWC PO soe onde nuts sept sae 11 DEBI. « «>» 0s ehh gpeze see Mine 
WPEDEIC: sa nesnsgs epanaeieeeaed OULTPO... +0059 s4escnbneeee 
STEDEM DO. 4scenep saahaeiaia le TOAD tes os 00004050 5h 99s ee 
AT POT AD soe vciem insur eameeanli:. |e WEPUT DO soxsee sancay ave ssi} eae 
POM POredeakedassackvaaier. 8 UTEK. acces cs anit eaieee Cae 18 
VOTE Keg tins dio s's widens PPLE A 14 Tept T Gul Té.....20-. I 
UTTOTE PO .eveceee = baanentne TER | 


‘ 5 , "Ip. user 2 irpape bev A249 
TEDL TE OUDL TE...00. Rage! eb 


Total: Apollonius, 75; Homer, 80. 

Postposition. The normal position of the preposition is im- 
mediately before its case. In poetry, however, it is found not 
infrequently after the word or words which it governs, i. e., it is 
postponed. In Homer, where the transition from local adverbs to 
prepositions proper was not yet complete and the position of the 
preposition had not yet become rigidly fixed, postposition is to be 
regarded as a freedom of the language. In succeeding poets it 
became more and more a conscious means of poetic effect. The 
éthos of postposition may be seen from the fact that it belongs 
predominantly to the higher spheres of poetry, viz., epic, lyric, 
and tragic,’ while in prose it is rare and confined mostly to the 
earlier period (cf. Kiihner m1, § 452, 2). 

That Apollonius had a special fondness for postposition and 


1 Mommsen, Gebrauch von obv und werd c. gen. bei Euripides, Berlin, 1877, in a 
foot note on p. 20, furnishes the only available statistics to my knowledge on 
this subject. He divides the instances of ‘‘ Umkehr” into three classes, pure 
anastrophe, interposition (between substantive and adjective or dependent geni- 
tive) with anastrophe, and interposition (between adjective or dependent genitive 
and substantive) without anastrophe. As the third class is not properly post- 
position I have not taken it into consideration here. The second class I have 
included in postposition, though the feeling is somewhat different from that when 
the prep. follows the simple substantive or dependent gen., the substantive being 
again mentally supplied. I quote Mommsen’s figures to show the range and 
frequency of postposition. According to him Homer postpones about every 6th 
preposition, Hesiod and the other epic poets every 3rd to 4th, the older elegaic 
poets every 4th or 5th, the iambographers every 9th, the lyric poets every 3rd 
or 4th; of the tragic poets Aischylus and Euripides are close to Homer, Sophocles 
postpones every 8th prep., comedy very few (mostly in parody). 


iy 


wt Th 


ee a 






A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius w 


used it as a means of poetic effect is seen by the fact that he con- 
siderably overdoes Homeric usage in this respect, postponing 
10.42 per cent. of the total number of prepositions used by him, 
or about one in every 9. Homer postpones 7.85 per cent. of his 
(Il. 8.13, Od. 7.50), or about one in every 13. (Mommsen—see 
the footnote below—makes Homer postpone every 6th prep. 
Obviously he includes here instances of interposition without 
anastrophe). The overdoing becomes very marked when we con~ 
sider pure anastrophe alone. Of the 181 examples of postposition 
in Apollonius 129 (71.2 per cent.) are of this character, in other 
words about 1/13 of the whole number of prepositions; while in 
Homer of the 645 examples only 255 (39.5 per cent.) are instances 
of pure anastrophe, or about 1/32 of the total number of preposi- 
tions (Il. 145 or 1/33, Od. 110 or 1/31). In this Apollonius has 
gone even beyond tragic usage, which shows an hyperepic tendency 
in the exaggeration of this phenomenon, especially the usage of 
Euripides’ who has almost doubled the old epic freedom of anas- 
trophe, employing it as an important part of his technique, even 
having not a few cases of anastrophic tmesis (cf. below p. 74). 

Of the 181 examples of postposition in Apollonius mentioned 
above, 52 (28.7 per cent.) are cases of interposition” between the 
substantive and adjective or dependent genitive, or 1/33 of all his 
prepositions. Of Homer’s 645 examples 390 (60.5 per cent.) are 
eases of this kind of interposition, or 1/21 of all his prepositions. 
It is thus seen that while interposition is frequent in Homer, it is 
used rather sparingly by Apollonius. 


' According to Mommsen Euripides has 1/17 or 1/18 of all his prepositions 
cases of anastrophe, Sophocles 1/27, Aeschylus 1/30, Pindar from 1/80 to 1/60, 
so that from Pindar on there is in general an increase. Of the other epic poets 
Hesiod and the Homeric Hymns are below Homer (1/51 and 1/72); the older’ 
elegiac poets are nearer Homer (Tyrtaeus 1/25, Solon 1/36) ; the iambographers 
and several of the lyric poets have no example. Of the lyric poets the melic 
writers Sappho and Alcaeus have the greatest number (1/35 and 1/18). 

? Here again Mommsen’s figures have to be called into service. He finds that 
1/20 of all the prepositions in Homer and Pindar are cases of interposition of this 
kind, 1/24 in the Homeric Hymns, 1/17 in Hesiod, in most of the elegaic and 
lyric poets 1/19 to 1/11; in the didactic poets, however, interposition is rare, 
e. g. in Empedocles 1/73, Theognis 1/41, Sappho 1/35, Anacreon 1/53; in the 
iambographers it is not found; in tragedy it is sparingly used, e. g. Aeschylus 
1/31, Sophocles 1/51, Euripides 1/42. 


12 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


As might be expected, the great majority of the cases of post- 
position occur with the dative, which predominates even more 
strongly than in the general ratio of the cases given above. The 
ratio for postposition in Apollonius is as follows: gen. 31.5 per 
cent., dat. 58 per cent., acc. 10.5 per cent.; in Homer it is: gen. 
22.2 per cent., dat. 45.4 per cent., acc. 32.3 per cent. 

A scansion of all the verses in which postposition occurs reveals 
the fact that there are preferences for it at particular points in the 
verse, viz. in the 1st AP 35, Hom. 191) and 4th (Ap. 75, Hom. 
165) foot. 

No apparent effort on the part of Apollonius to imitate his pre- 
decessor in fondness for postponing particular prepositions more 
than others is traceable. The prepositions most frequently post- 
poned in the Argonautica are i7rép, év, mepi, dard ; in the Homeric 
poems v7, émi, tmép, dao. The greatest difference between the 
two poets is seen in dao, év, brép, 7repi, which are postponed much 
oftener in Apollonius, and cuv, 8:4, card, dvd, bao, which are post- 
poned much less often. 

Certain stereotyped expressions which occur often may be men- 
tioned here, e. g. yains do matpisos (1, 535) which is found in 
Il. N, 696; O, 335; Od. «, 49 always in the same position in the 
verse (the preposition in the 3rd foot); Sduav é« (e&) (1, 306; 
2, 816; 4, 708; Od. o, 19) always in the same position in the 
verse (the prep. in the 4th foot) ; Souous éve (1, 148 ; 225; 2, 487; 
1022; Il. E, 198; A, 223; N, 466; O, 95) which too has the 
same position in the verse (prep. in the 4th foot). With a rela- 
tive pronoun éy is always postponed and generally with a personal 
pronoun, e. g. 6 év (2, 910; 939; 3, 42; 671; 4, 1394); % eu 
(2, 1018; 1129; 3, 801; 4, 588); of; eu (4, 280); rhs eu 
(4, 882); to ev (3, 939); TH... . évt (2, 387). This is not 
uncommon in Homer, e. g. 6 é (Il. BH, 220; Od. 5, 603); 4 ev 
(Li. W, 210; Od. 0, 385); ro éu (Il. B, 350; Od. ¢, 57; &, 46); 
™.... eve (Ll. O, 647). é is very often postponed with names 
of countries (e.g. 1, 45; 94; 770; 3, 980; 4, 1396; 4,1483). éari, 
as év, is often postponed with relative and personal pronouns (e. g. 
1,95; 133; 287; 2,379; 481; 654; 3,235; 4,124; 187; 570). 

Occasional rather violent cases of postposition are found in 


A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 73 


Apollonius,’ e. g. after two substantives connected by a conjunction, 
oTopatos yeipav T dro 2,188; Awuévwv yains 7’ dro 4, 1206; 
after both substantive and adjective Souparéors rupyovaw év 2, 381 ; 
vpeTépyn ApeTh éve 2, 643; Eponevts vow@ eve 2, 1006; EAs ruyis 
aréyov brrep 2, 636 ; rupopévns drs brrep 4, 139; detHs Opnexins 
Zavns ére 1, 29 ; ride Ocompotrins iayw méps 4, 1855; édv prov 
mépt 4, 1485. Noteworthy also is 2, 820 eiayevn Sovaxwdeos év 
motapuoto. in Homer rarely do we find the preposition following 
both adjective and substantive. The examples are Il. %, 420 
abavarov 5é Pedy dzro ; &, 509 ryv & érépnv woruw audi ; Od. a, 
247 xpavany l0dnnv xara; this phrase occurs again in o, 510; 
mw, 124; $, 346; Od. a, 218 xreadrecow éois ért. There is no 
example in Homer of the preposition following two substantives 
connected by a conjunction. 

Adverbial use of prepositions. The free employment by Apollo- 
nius of the more distinctively poetic features of prepositional usage 
has already been commented upon. Hence we find in the Argo- 
nautica many more instances of the original use of prepositions as 
locative adverbs than in his predecessor. The adverbial usage so 
far exceeds that of the Homeric poems that it seems an evident 
desire to give picturesqueness and poetic effect. This exaggera- 
tion is all the more significant when we consider that in Homer 
the employment of prepositions independently as adverbs is a free- 
dom of the epic language, in succeeding poets it becomes more and 
more a conscious poetic means. On the average Apollonius has 
nearly twice as many prepositions used adverbially in proportion 
to his bulk, or more exactly one in 51.6 lines to Homer’s one in 
89.1 lines. The prepositions most commonly so used are dudi, év 
peta, wept. The only prepositions in Homer that at all approxi- 
mate to the frequency in Apollonius in this respect are ev and rept. 
Both poets have a special fondness for the adverbial use of these. 

Tmesis. The éthos of tmesis may be seen from the fact that it 
belongs predominantly to the higher spheres of poetry, epic, lyric, 
and tragic. In epic poetry it is chiefly used plastically to give 
picturesque effect, in lyric and tragic poetry to give emphasis. 
Like the adverbial use of prepositions of which it is only a special 


1Cf. here Plato Apol. 19 c. dy éya oddtv obre uéya otre wikpdy wépi erat. 


74 A Comparison of Apollonius Rhodius with Homer. 


form, it lays special stress on the meaning of the preposition by 
giving it an independent position. This stress is sometimes further 
emphasized by anastrophe (especially in Pindar and Euripides) or 
by receiving the ictus of the verse.’ 

The great disparity between Apollonius and Homer in the 
adverbial use of the prepositions is counterbalanced by the fact 
that Apollonius has fallen considerably below his predecessor in 
the frequency of tmesis, having it once in 29.6 lines to his once in 
20.4. sri, éx, dva are the favorite prepositions found in tmesis 
in the Argonautica; xatd, éx, éi in the Homeric poems. 

It should be added here that when tmesis and the adverbial use 
are taken together Apollonius has about equaled his predecessor in 
the aggregate use of prepositions independently i. e. without a case 
(Ap. one in 18 lines, Hom. one in 16). 

Indiwidual prepositions. Generally Apollonius follows his pre- 
decessor very closely in his use of the individual prepositions. 
Allusion has already been made to the general close numerical 
proximity of the prepositions in the Argonautica to those in the 
Homeric poems. ‘There is also a close adherence to homeric usage 
in the various categories, the chief differences between the two 
poets being in the greater or less prominence given to particular 


? Pierson, Ueber die Tmesis der Prep. von Verben bei den Griech. Dichtern in the 
Rhein. Mus. XI (1857) pp. 90-128, 260-292, 379-427 has made an exhaustive 
study of tmesis, especially in Pindar and the tragic poets. According to him the 
dramatic poets use it more sparingly and more cautiously than the lyric. In 
tragedy the freedom in its use increases. In comedy it is seldom found and 
mostly in parody. Pindar has 33 examples, ard, avd, érf most frequently. He 
uses it both for emphasis and for poetic effect, for the latter in passages where he 
is most like epic poetry, viz. in the myths. In him the character of tmesis is 
more varied than in the dramatists and there is greater freedom both in use and 
position, as the language of lyric is freer and bolder. Aeschylus has 15 exam- 
ples, naturally in the lyric parts mostly. He uses it for emphasis and for impos- 
ing expression. This is in accord with the character of Aeschylus who strove 
rather for emphatic use of language. Sophocles has 20 examples, év, éx, ctv, amd 
most frequently. He uses it predominantly for plastic effect and in this is most 
like epic poetry, hence the bulk of his examples are in the dialogue. Euripides 
has 82 examples, xard, avd, ard, éx, eri most frequently. He shows greatest free- 
dom of all the tragic poets. He uses it both for ornamentation and for emphasis 
and is most like the lyric poets in this respect, hence the bulk of his examples 
are in the choral parts. . In accord with his greater freedom in the use of tmesis 
he shares with Pindar the almost exclusive use of anastrophic tmesis. 


A Comparison of Apollonius. Rhodius with Homer. 75 


categories. Apollonius, however, has not always kept within the 
bounds of Homeric poetry. Occasionally we find not only liber- 
ties taken with certain uses of limited range in the Homeric poems, 
but also uses that do not occur in Homer at all. Some of the most 
noteworthy divergences or exaggerations may be recorded here in 
summary. 

Especially Botemertny. | is the overdoing of the poetical preposi- 
tions dudi, dvd and ovr, 

eis. Apollonius uses much more freely the poetical construction 
of eis with a single person than his predecessor, having 11 exam- 
ples in all with persons, all but one of which are with the singular 
(see p. 20). 

imép. w7rép with the gen. is used in two instances (4, 531; 
1175) signifying ‘about,’ ‘concerning,’ with verbs of learning, 
inquiring. Homer furnishes a solitary example in Il. Z, 524. 
This construction was not developed with any freedom till the 
time of the orators (see p. 35). 

dui, This preposition is not only used excessively as compared 
with Homer, but also the genitive case is greatly overdone (see p. 37). 

peta. Apollonius uses pera with the accusative freely like wpos 
or éai, with persons in the singular. This is a development out 
of the use of wera with the plural of persons, with accompanying 
loss of the original signification of the preposition. This develop- 
ment had not attained much freedom in the Homeric poems 
(see p. 49). 


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